Benefits of the 3R approach for agricultural waste management (AWM) in Vietnam

Huynh Trung Hai Institute for Environmental Science and Technology ` Overview of agricultural waste generation and it used in Vietnam ` Policy background and the national strategy on 3R in Vietnam ` Opportunities for 3R approach on agricultural waste management ` Objectives ` Main components and outputs projected ` Related experiences of INEST ` Area: 331,900 km2 ` Population: 86.16 million ` Pop. growth rate: 1.18% ` GDP: $87 billion Ń Agriculture: 21.99% Ń Industry: 39.91% Ń Service: 38.1% ` GDP growth rate: 6.23 % ` National Capital: Hanoi ` Administrative divisions: 63 provinces Source: Waste generation 2005 (Mt) 2010 (projected) (Mt) Agricultural residues (straw, bagasse, com cob, casava, straw, rice husk, peanut and coffee husk, etc.) 60.82 72.37 Animal waste 54.72 60.72 Source: Vietnam-Germany Symposium on Renewable Energy, HUT 16 Oct. 2009 In rural areas, agricultural wastes are treated as: - uncontrolled dumping Æ pollution, CH4 emission; - a source of fuel (reused); - org. fertilizer, biomass, biogas Æ recycling potential. Sources: IET-VAST ` Hazardous wastes: excess fertilizers and pesticides ` In 2008: - 1.77 million tons of excess nitrogenous fertilizers; - 2.07 million tons of excess phosphate fertilizers; - 0.34 million tons of excess potassium fertilizers. ` Nearly 100% farming land are fertilized Sources million tons Paddy straw 61.9 Rice husk 5.6 Maize husk 4.8 Cassava stem 0.6 Cane trash 1.5 Bagasse 5.0 Peanut shells 0.1 Peanut leaves 5.7 Coffee husk 0.3 Number of animals 2006 2007 2008 Pig 26,855,300 26,560,700 25,580,000 Cow 6,510,800 6,724,700 7,220,000 Buffalo 2,921,100 2,996,400 2,900,000 Poultry 214,600,000 226,000,000 241,000 Source: GSO, 2009 - Number of breeding farms in 2008 was 16,700 - of which ~ 10% designed and equipped to treat their animal wastes - Biogas production of animal dung: 2.0 billion m3 Materials (agricultural wastes) Waste generated (kg/animal) Dry content (%) C/N Biogas output (liter/kg of fresh material) Cow pat 15 ² 20 18 ² 20 24 ² 25 15 ² 32 Buffalo pat 18 ² 25 16 ² 18 24 ² 25 15 ² 32 Pig pat 1.2 ² 4.0 24 ² 33 12 ² 13 40 ² 60 Poultry 0.02 ² 0.34 25 - 50 5 ² 15 50 ² 60 Night soil 0.18 ² 0,34 20 - 34 2.9 ² 10 60 ² 70 Eichnoria (fresh) 4 ² 6 12 ² 25 0.3 ² 0.5 Straw (dry) 80 - 85 48 - 117 1.5 ² 2.0 Source: Institute of Energy, 2008 ` The 3R approach in Vietnam has been emphasized in umbrella policies: - Viet Nam Agenda 21, - National Strategy on Environmental Protection to 2010 with vision toward 2020, - Law on Environmental Protection 2005. ` The National Strategy on Waste 3R to 2020 has been being developed and reached to the 4th- Draft: ƒ To 2015, the general objectives are set: Ń To improve the public awareness on 3R; Ń Starting to form environmental friendly and energy saving life of the society; Ń To establish the infrastructure, finance and human resource for 3R implement. ƒ The specific target until 2015: Ń 80 % of solid waste will be collected; Ń Reduce the generated rate of solid waste; Ń The amount of solid waste that requires land filling and incineration will be cut down to 70% of the total volume of collected waste while 30% will be reused and recycled. ƒ To 2020, the general objectives are set: Ń To form sustainable production and consumption society. ƒ The specific target until 2020: Ń 95 % of solid waste will be collected; Ń Reduce the generated rate of solid waste; Ń The amount of solid waste that requires land filling and incineration will be cut down to 40% of the total volume of collected waste while 60% will be reused and recycled; ` CH4 generation from uncontrolled dumping activities will inevitably contribute to GHG generation which in turn can impact global climate change; Æ needs to reduce the amount of agricultural wastes ` Increasing environmental awareness among government agencies, business sector, and the general public; ` Rising cost of fossil fuels Æ needs to raise the use of biomass and biogas; ` Development of researches on biological decomposition and new technologies that can take full advantages of agricultural by-product/waste Æ potentials of new environmental sound products; ` Insightful policies have contributed to the success and potentials of waste bioconversion. ` Evaluations to make clear environmental, economic, and social benefits of 3R approach for agricultural waste management (include waste management policies)1. ` Conduct an examination policies to maximize multiple benefits or minimize trade-offs among air pollution control, waste management, resource utilization of the 3R for agricultural waste2. 1. Highlighting the multiple benefits of the 3Rs: promoting awareness-raising and mainstreaming (2009-2010). 2. Improved governance for 3R implementation in agricultural waste in Vietnam (2010-2011). 3. Implications of sustainable resource circulation (2011-2012). ` INEST has started a research on co-benefits of climate benefit, energy co-generation from agricultural waste, and the 3Rs in Vietnam. ` In addition, this component will review the recent trends and current status related to: - Agricultural waste related environmental problems and their impact in Vietnam - Baseline data on agricultural waste - Status of agricultural waste management in Vietnam ` Collect and provide data/or comment and discuss to support quantitative analysis environmental economics research. ` Discuss general challenges as well as specific challenges associated with development of evaluation methods: - 'HWHUPLQH9LHWQDP·VDJULFXOWXUDOZDVWHUHF\FOH potential and enabling environment; - Analysis of future scenario regarding biomass and biogas energy. - Conduct CCA. ` Implications of sustainable resource circulation: - Examine how to develop policies to establish environmentally sound resource cycles in Vietnam which contributes better resource utilization. ` The gaps between challenges associated with policy implementation and challenges specific to Vietnam in the countries implementing EPR policy and resource circulation policy. ` Policies developed to establish environmentally sound resource cycles in Vietnam. ` Project: Promotion of Sustainable Development in the Context of Regional Economic Integration - Phase II - Year 2007-2008 - Client: IGES (Japan) - Activities performed: national case study on renewable energy and e-waste. ` Project: CDM - compile a training document for environmental reserchers and lectures in universities - Year: 2006-2007 - Client: MOTE (Vietnam) - Activities performed: Prepare training materials, guidelines, policies and references on CDM.