Nghiên cứu của chúng tôi lấy mẫu người bệnh đến khám và điều trị tại Bệnh viện Ung Bướu Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh trong khoảng thời gian năm 2016 và 2017. Đây là khoảng thời gian chuyển tiếp trong việc triển khai phân loại mới của AJCC 7 và 8 tại bệnh viện. Thiết kế nghiên cứu đoàn hệ theo dõi các kết quả của quá trình điều trị cũng như các đặc điểm sinh học của bướu nguyên phát. Vì vậy chúng tôi chọn dùng một phân loại AJCC 7 để có đủ thông tin cũng như thống nhất trong nghiên cứu. Có một số nghiên cứu đoàn hệ theo dõi dài cũng đã thử phân loại theo phiên bản thứ 7 trong giai đoạn đầu và phiên bản thứ 8 trong gian đoạn sau.107,144 Tuy nhiên đa số các nghiên cứu này cũng như nghiên cứu của chúng tôi là các nghiên cứu hồi cứu. Vì vậy một số thông tin có thể sẽ không thu thập thêm được nếu muốn phân giai đoạn theo phiên bản mới. Mặc dù AJCC 8 được đánh giá là có ưu điểm hơn trong tiên lượng so với AJCC 7, tuy nhiên việc xác định độ sâu xâm lấn (DOI) hay xâm lấn vỏ bao hạch (ENE) vẫn là một vấn đề khó khăn và thách thức, không phải luôn được thực hiện do mẫu mô bệnh phẩm không đạt chuẩn về vị trí và độ sâu, nhất là trong trường hợp mẫu mô là từ sinh thiết chẩn đoán. Vì vậy, phân loại theo phiên bản thứ 8 không phải luôn thực hiện được một cách chính xác. Mặt khác, phân loại theo AJCC 8 đưa thêm vào các yếu tố mô học do đó, cần có kết quả sau phẫu thuật mà thực tế, UTHM có thể không phải luôn luôn chỉ định hoặc lựa chọn phẫu thuật. Vì vậy, không phải luôn có thể phân giai đoạn theo phiên bản thứ 8. Để nỗ lực phân giai đoạn theo phiên bản mới nhưng không phẫu thuật, một số công cụ chẩn đoán hình ảnh như chụp cắt lớp CT-Scan, MRI hoặc siêu âm để xác định DOI hoặc ENE đại thể. Tuy vậy độ nhạy và độ chuyên biệt của các phương tiện chẩn đoán này vẫn còn tranh cãi.148 DOI không thể tính cho các ca sinh thiết chẩn đoán được. Tương tự như vậy ENE cũng chỉ đánh giá được cho các ca có phẫu thuật và nạo hạch. Đánh giá theo AJCC 7 phù hợp cho giai đoạn chẩn đoán ban đầu, lập kế hoạch điều trị. AJCC 8 phù hợp để lên kế hoạch tiếp theo trong hoặc sau phẫu thuật.
                
              
                                            
                                
            
 
            
                 143 trang
143 trang | 
Chia sẻ: Kim Linh 2 | Ngày: 09/11/2024 | Lượt xem: 451 | Lượt tải: 0 
              
            Bạn đang xem trước 20 trang tài liệu Luận án Biểu hiện PD-L1, đặc điểm lâm sàng và giải phẫu bệnh trong đáp ứng xạ trị và tiên lượng ung thư hốc miệng, để xem tài liệu hoàn chỉnh bạn click vào nút DOWNLOAD ở trên
26. Rivera C, Oliveira AK, Costa RAP, et al. Prognostic biomarkers in oral squamous 
cell carcinoma: A systematic review. Oral Oncol. Sep 2017;72:38-47. 
doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.003 
27. Kamran SC, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Ng A, et al. Therapeutic radiation and 
the potential risk of second malignancies. Cancer. Jun 15 2016;122(12):1809-21. 
doi:10.1002/cncr.29841 
28. Mitsudo K, Tohnai I. Cemoradiotherapy using intra-arterial infusion. Oral 
Cancer: Diagnosis and Therapy. Kirita T., Omura K. Eds. Springer-Japan, Tokyo; 
2015. 
29. Bahadur S, Iyer S. Management of Oral Cancers. Springer; 2021. 
30. Lin LH, Chang KW, Kao SY, et al. Increased Plasma Circulating Cell-Free DNA 
Could Be a Potential Marker for Oral Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. Oct 24 
2018;19(11)doi:10.3390/ijms19113303 
31. Morikawa T, Shibahara T, Nomura T, et al. Non-Invasive Early Detection of Oral 
Cancers Using Fluorescence Visualization with Optical Instruments. Cancers 
(Basel). Sep 27 2020;12(10)doi:10.3390/cancers12102771 
32. Cao LM, Zhong NN, Li ZZ, et al. Lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell 
carcinoma: Where we are and where we are going. Clinical and Translational 
Discovery. 2023;3(4):e227. 
33. El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Takata T, et al. The fourth edition of the head and 
neck World Health Organization blue book: editors' perspectives. Hum Pathol. 
Aug 2017;66:10-12. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2017.05.014 
34. Akhter M, Hossain S, Rahman QB, et al. A study on histological grading of oral 
squamous cell carcinoma and its co-relationship with regional metastasis. J Oral 
Maxillofac Pathol. May 2011;15(2):168-76. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.84485 
35. Rahadiani N, Habiburrahman M, Handjari DR, et al. Clinicopathological 
characteristics predicting advanced stage and surgical margin invasion of oral 
squamous cell carcinoma: A single-center study on 10 years of cancer registry 
data. Oncol Lett. Oct 2022;24(4):364. doi:10.3892/ol.2022.13484 
36. Wunschel M, Neumeier M, Utpatel K, et al. Staging more important than 
grading? Evaluation of malignancy grading, depth of invasion, and resection 
margins in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Oral Investig. Mar 
2021;25(3):1169-1182. doi:10.1007/s00784-020-03421-2 
37. Anneroth G, Batsakis J, Luna M. Review of the literature and a recommended 
system of malignancy grading in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Scand J Dent 
Res. Jun 1987;95(3):229-49. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1987.tb01836.x 
38. Bryne M, Koppang HS, Lilleng R, et al. Malignancy grading of the deep invasive 
margins of oral squamous cell carcinomas has high prognostic value. J Pathol. 
Apr 1992;166(4):375-81. doi:10.1002/path.1711660409 
39. Moeckelmann N, Ebrahimi A, Tou YK, et al. Prognostic implications of the 8th 
edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system in oral 
cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. Oct 2018;85:82-86. 
doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.08.013 
40. Lydiatt WM, Patel SG, O'Sullivan B, et al. Head and Neck cancers-major changes 
in the American Joint Committee on cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. 
CA Cancer J Clin. Mar 2017;67(2):122-137. doi:10.3322/caac.21389 
41. Amin MB, Greene FL, Edge SB, et al. The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging 
Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more 
"personalized" approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin. Mar 
2017;67(2):93-99. doi:10.3322/caac.21388 
42. Schulz A, Meyer F, Dubrovska A, et al. Cancer Stem Cells and Radioresistance: 
DNA Repair and Beyond. Cancers (Basel). Jun 21 
2019;11(6)doi:10.3390/cancers11060862 
43. Nguyễn Thái Hà, Nguyễn Đức Thuần. Y học hạt nhân và kỹ thuật xạ trị. NXB 
Bách khoa Hà Nội; 2006. 
44. Baumann R, Depping R, Delaperriere M, et al. Targeting hypoxia to overcome 
radiation resistance in head & neck cancers: real challenge or clinical fairytale? 
Expert review of anticancer therapy. Jul 2016;16(7):751-8. 
doi:10.1080/14737140.2016.1192467 
45. Perri F, Pacelli R, Della Vittoria Scarpati G, et al. Radioresistance in head and 
neck squamous cell carcinoma: Biological bases and therapeutic implications. 
Head Neck. May 2015;37(5):763-70. doi:10.1002/hed.23837 
46. Span PN, Bussink J. The Role of Hypoxia and the Immune System in Tumor 
Radioresistance. Cancers (Basel). Oct 14 
2019;11(10)doi:10.3390/cancers11101555 
47. Ganci F, Sacconi A, Manciocco V, et al. Radioresistance in Head and Neck 
Squamous Cell Carcinoma — Possible Molecular Markers for Local Recurrence 
and New Putative Therapeutic Strategies. 2015;doi:10.5772/60081 
48. Dine J, Gordon R, Shames Y, et al. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An 
Innovation in Immunotherapy for the Treatment and Management of Patients 
with Cancer. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs. Apr-Jun 2017;4(2):127-135. 
doi:10.4103/apjon.apjon_4_17 
49. Fridman E, Na'ara S, Agarwal J, et al. The role of adjuvant treatment in early-
stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: An international collaborative study. 
Cancer. Jul 15 2018;124(14):2948-2955. doi:10.1002/cncr.31531 
50. Cheng YJ, Tsai MH, Chiang CJ, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy after curative 
surgery for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and treatment effect of timing 
and duration on outcome-A Taiwan Cancer Registry national database analysis. 
Cancer Med. Jul 2018;7(7):3073-3083. doi:10.1002/cam4.1611 
51. Riemenschnitter CE, Morand GB, Schouten CS, et al. Need for adjuvant 
radiotherapy in oral cancer: depth of invasion rather than tumor diameter. Eur 
Arch Otorhinolaryngol. Jan 2023;280(1):339-346. doi:10.1007/s00405-022-
07561-x 
52. Pu YM, Yang Y, Wang YJ, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy is dispensable for 
OSCC patients with micrometastases in lymph nodes. Virchows Arch. May 
2018;472(5):797-805. doi:10.1007/s00428-018-2351-z 
53. Hong KO, Oh KY, Shin WJ, et al. Tumor budding is associated with poor 
prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma and histologically represents an 
epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Hum Pathol. Oct 2018;80:123-129. 
doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.06.012 
54. Alkhadar H, Macluskey M, White S, et al. Perineural invasion in oral squamous 
cell carcinoma: Incidence, prognostic impact and molecular insight. J Oral 
Pathol Med. Nov 2020;49(10):994-1003. doi:10.1111/jop.13069 
55. Rylands J, Lowe D, Rogers SN. Outcomes by area of residence deprivation in a 
cohort of oral cancer patients: Survival, health-related quality of life, and place 
of death. Oral Oncol. Jan 2016;52:30-6. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.017 
56. Liu F, Chen F, Huang J, et al. Prospective study on factors affecting the prognosis 
of oral cancer in a Chinese population. Oncotarget. Jan 17 2017;8(3):4352-4359. 
doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13842 
57. Gotz C, Drecoll E, Straub M, et al. Impact of HPV infection on oral squamous 
cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. Nov 22 2016;7(47):76704-76712. 
doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12501 
58. Lyu X, Zhang M, Li G, et al. PD-1 and PD-L1 Expression Predicts 
Radiosensitivity and Clinical Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer and is 
Associated with HPV Infection. J Cancer. 2019;10(4):937-948. 
doi:10.7150/jca.27199 
59. Schneider K, Jakobsen KK, Jensen JS, et al. Impact of p16-overexpression on 
overall and progression-free survival outcomes in oral cavity squamous cell 
carcinomas: A semi-national, population-based study. Oral Oncol. Dec 
2020;111:105031. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105031 
60. Lambert R, Sauvaget C, de Camargo Cancela M, et al. Epidemiology of cancer 
from the oral cavity and oropharynx. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Aug 
2011;23(8):633-41. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283484795 
61. Ramqvist T, Mints M, Tertipis N, et al. Studies on human papillomavirus (HPV) 
16 E2, E5 and E7 mRNA in HPV-positive tonsillar and base of tongue cancer in 
relation to clinical outcome and immunological parameters. Oral Oncol. Dec 
2015;51(12):1126-31. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.09.007 
62. Fakhry C, D'Souza G. Discussing the diagnosis of HPV-OSCC: common 
questions and answers. Oral Oncol. Sep 2013;49(9):863-871. 
doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.06.002 
63. Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-
cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med. Aug 
2002;8(8):793-800. doi:10.1038/nm730 
64. Lin NC, Hsu JT, Tsai KY. Difference between Female and Male Patients with 
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Single-Center Retrospective Study in Taiwan. 
Int J Environ Res Public Health. Jun 4 2020;17(11)doi:10.3390/ijerph17113978 
65. Satgunaseelan L, Gupta R, Madore J, et al. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 
expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma is associated with an inflammatory 
phenotype. Pathology. Oct 2016;48(6):574-80. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2016.07.003 
66. Maruse Y, Kawano S, Jinno T, et al. Significant association of increased PD-L1 
and PD-1 expression with nodal metastasis and a poor prognosis in oral squamous 
cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Jul 2018;47(7):836-845. 
doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2018.01.004 
67. Troeltzsch M, Woodlock T, Pianka A, et al. Is There Evidence for the Presence 
and Relevance of the PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma? 
Hints From an Immunohistochemical Study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. May 
2017;75(5):969-977. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2016.11.006 
68. Kouketsu A, Sato I, Oikawa M, et al. Expression of immunoregulatory molecules 
PD-L1 and PD-1 in oral cancer and precancerous lesions: A cohort study of 
Japanese patients. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. Jan 2019;47(1):33-40. 
doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2017.04.013 
69. Oliveira-Costa JP, de Carvalho AF, da Silveira da GG, et al. Gene expression 
patterns through oral squamous cell carcinoma development: PD-L1 expression 
in primary tumor and circulating tumor cells. Oncotarget. Aug 28 
2015;6(25):20902-20. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.3939 
70. Lin YM, Sung WW, Hsieh MJ, et al. High PD-L1 Expression Correlates with 
Metastasis and Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One. 
2015;10(11):e0142656. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142656 
71. Straub M, Drecoll E, Pfarr N, et al. CD274/PD-L1 gene amplification and PD-
L1 protein expression are common events in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral 
cavity. Oncotarget. Mar 15 2016;7(11):12024-34. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7593 
72. Chen T-C, Wu C-T, Wang C-P, et al. Associations among pretreatment tumor 
necrosis and the expression of HIF-1α and PD-L1 in advanced oral squamous cell 
carcinoma and the prognostic impact thereof. Oral Oncology. 2015;51(11):1004-
1010. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.08.011 
73. Ahn H, Yang JM, Kim H, et al. Clinicopathologic implications of the miR-
197/PD-L1 axis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. Sep 12 
2017;8(39):66178-66194. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19842 
74. Hirai M, Kitahara H, Kobayashi Y, et al. Regulation of PD-L1 expression in a 
high-grade invasive human oral squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment. Int 
J Oncol. Jan 2017;50(1):41-48. doi:10.3892/ijo.2016.3785 
75. Mattox AK, Lee J, Westra WH, et al. PD-1 Expression in Head and Neck 
Squamous Cell Carcinomas Derives Primarily from Functionally Anergic 
CD4(+) TILs in the Presence of PD-L1(+) TAMs. Cancer Res. Nov 15 
2017;77(22):6365-6374. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3453 
76. Kogashiwa Y, Yasuda M, Sakurai H, et al. PD-L1 Expression Confers Better 
Prognosis in Locally Advanced Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 
Mar 2017;37(3):1417-1424. doi:10.21873/anticanres.11465 
77. Stasikowska-Kanicka O, Wagrowska-Danilewicz M, Danilewicz M. 
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Foxp3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) Cell Infiltrates 
and PD-L1 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res. Jul 
2018;24(3):497-505. doi:10.1007/s12253-017-0270-y 
78. De Vicente JC, Rodriguez-Santamarta T, Rodrigo JP, et al. PD-L1 Expression in 
Tumor Cells Is an Independent Unfavorable Prognostic Factor in Oral Squamous 
Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Mar 2019;28(3):546-554. 
doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0779 
79. Weber M, Wehrhan F, Baran C, et al. PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue and 
peripheral blood of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. Dec 
22 2017;8(68):112584-112597. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.22576 
80. He J, Chen XF, Xu MG, et al. Relationship of programmed death ligand-1 
expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with oral 
squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol. Jun 
2020;114:104717. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104717 
81. Boustani J, Grapin M, Laurent PA, et al. The 6th R of Radiobiology: Reactivation 
of Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Cancers (Basel). Jun 20 
2019;11(6)doi:10.3390/cancers11060860 
82. Nguyễn Chấn Hùng, Phạm Xuân Dũng, Đặng Huy Quốc Thịnh. Ức chế chốt kiểm 
trong liệu pháp miễn dịch ung thư. Tạp chí Ung thư học Việt Nam. 2018;4:i-v. 
83. FDA approves pembrolizumab for first-line treatment of head and neck 
squamous cell carcinoma. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-
approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-first-line-treatment-head-and-
neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma 
84. Burtness B, Harrington KJ, Greil R, et al. Pembrolizumab alone or with 
chemotherapy versus cetuximab with chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic 
squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (KEYNOTE-048): a randomised, 
open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. Nov 23 2019;394(10212):1915-1928. 
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32591-7 
85. Punekar SR, Shum E, Grello CM, et al. Immunotherapy in non-small cell lung 
cancer: Past, present, and future directions. Front Oncol. 2022;12:877594. 
doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.877594 
86. Fasano M, Corte CMD, Liello RD, et al. Immunotherapy for head and neck 
cancer: Present and future. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. Jun 2022;174:103679. 
doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103679 
87. De Bree R, Senft A, Coca-Pelaz A, et al. Detection of Distant Metastases in Head 
and Neck Cancer: Changing Landscape. Adv Ther. Feb 2018;35(2):161-172. 
doi:10.1007/s12325-018-0662-8 
88. Kikuchi M, Harada H, Asato R, et al. Lingual Lymph Node Metastases as a 
Prognostic Factor in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Retrospective 
Multicenter Study. Medicina (Kaunas). Apr 12 
2021;57(4)doi:10.3390/medicina57040374 
89. Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th 
edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg 
Oncol. 2010;(6):1471-1474. doi:10.1245/s10434-010-0985-. Ann Surg Oncol 
2010;17(6)doi:doi:10.1245/s10434-010-0985-4 
90. Kademani D, Bell RB, Bagheri S, et al. Prognostic factors in intraoral squamous 
cell carcinoma: the influence of histologic grade. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Nov 
2005;63(11):1599-605. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2005.07.011 
91. Yoshida S, Nagatsuka H, Nakano K, et al. Significance of PD-L1 Expression in 
Tongue Cancer Development. Int J Med Sci. 2018;15(14):1723-1730. 
doi:10.7150/ijms.27860 
92. Cohen EEW BR, Bifulco CB, et al. . The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer 
consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of squamous cell 
carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7(1):184. 
doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0662-5 
93. Huang XQ, Chen X, Xie XX, et al. Co-expression of CD147 and GLUT-1 
indicates radiation resistance and poor prognosis in cervical squamous cell 
carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(4):1651-66. 
94. Weckx A, Riekert M, Grandoch A, et al. Time to recurrence and patient survival 
in recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. Jul 2019;94:8-13. 
doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.05.002 
95. Nguyễn Văn Tuấn. Phân tích dữ liệu với R. NXB Tổng hợp TP HCM. 2014;Phân 
tích sống còn:261-283. 
96. Jawad H, Ashaari SS, O'Shea R, et al. Prognostic performance of TNM8 staging 
rules in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. Dec 2020;111:105021. 
doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105021 
97. Tirelli G, Gatto A, Boscolo Nata F, et al. Prognosis of oral cancer: a comparison 
of the staging systems given in the 7th and 8th editions of the American Joint 
Committee on Cancer Staging Manual. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Jan 
2018;56(1):8-13. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.11.009 
98. Nguyễn Thị Nguyệt Ánh, Nguyễn Chấn Hùng, Nguyễn Thị Hồng, et al. Biểu hiện 
keratin 4 trong biểu mô bình thường và ung thư tế bào gai niêm mạc miệng. Tạp 
chí Ung thư học Việt Nam. 2017;20 (5) 
99. Ferreira AK, Carvalho SH, Granville-Garcia AF, et al. Survival and prognostic 
factors in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir 
Bucal. May 1 2021;26(3):e387-e392. doi:10.4317/medoral.24242 
100. Rikardsen OG, Bjerkli IH, Uhlin-Hansen L, et al. Clinicopathological 
characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Northern Norway: a 
retrospective study. BMC Oral Health. Aug 18 2014;14:103. doi:10.1186/1472-
6831-14-103 
101. Kruse AL, Bredell M, Gratz KW. Oral cancer in men and women: are there 
differences? Oral Maxillofac Surg. Mar 2011;15(1):51-5. doi:10.1007/s10006-
010-0253-6 
102. Falaki F, Dalirsani Z, Pakfetrat A, et al. Clinical and histopathological analysis 
of oral squamous cell carcinoma of young patients in Mashhad, Iran: a 
retrospective study and review of literature. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. Jul 
1 2011;16(4):e473-7. doi:10.4317/medoral.16.e473 
103. Patel SG, Amit M, Yen TC, et al. Lymph node density in oral cavity cancer: 
results of the International Consortium for Outcomes Research. British Journal 
of Cancer. 2013;109(8):2087-2095. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.570 
104. LeHew CW, Epstein JB, Kaste LM, et al. Assessing oral cancer early 
detection: clarifying dentists' practices. J Public Health Dent. Spring 
2010;70(2):93-100. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.2009.00148.x 
105. Brocklehurst PR, Baker SR, Speight PM. A qualitative study examining the 
experience of primary care dentists in the detection and management of 
potentially malignant lesions. 1. Factors influencing detection and the decision to 
refer. Br Dent J. Jan 23 2010;208(2):E3; discussion 72-3. 
doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.54 
106. Mavedatnia D, Cuddy K, Klieb H, et al. Oral cancer screening knowledge and 
practices among dental professionals at the University of Toronto. BMC Oral 
Health. May 31 2023;23(1):343. doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03062-3 
107. Zanoni DK, Montero PH, Migliacci JC, et al. Survival outcomes after 
treatment of cancer of the oral cavity (1985-2015). Oral Oncol. Mar 
2019;90:115-121. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.02.001 
108. Siriwardena BS, Rasnayaka RM, Masood Y, et al. Predictive model of oral 
cancer metastasis for different cancer sites and age groups. J Investig Clin Dent. 
May 2016;7(2):127-31. doi:10.1111/jicd.12145 
109. Lee DS, Ramirez RJ, Lee JJ, et al. Survival of Young Versus Old Patients 
With Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. Laryngoscope. 
Jun 2021;131(6):1310-1319. doi:10.1002/lary.29260 
110. Pires FR, Ramos AB, Oliveira JB, et al. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: 
clinicopathological features from 346 cases from a single oral pathology service 
during an 8-year period. J Appl Oral Sci. Sep-Oct 2013;21(5):460-7. 
doi:10.1590/1679-775720130317 
111. Hoda N, Bc R, Ghosh S, et al. Cervical lymph node metastasis in squamous 
cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa: a retrospective study on pattern of 
involvement and clinical analysis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. Jan 1 
2021;26(1):e84-e89. doi:10.4317/medoral.24016 
112. Kreppel M, Nazarli P, Grandoch A, et al. Clinical and histopathological 
staging in oral squamous cell carcinoma - Comparison of the prognostic 
significance. Oral Oncol. Sep 2016;60:68-73. 
doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.004 
113. Xu B, Salama AM, Valero C, et al. The prognostic role of histologic grade, 
worst pattern of invasion, and tumor budding in early oral tongue squamous cell 
carcinoma: a comparative study. Virchows Arch. Sep 2021;479(3):597-606. 
doi:10.1007/s00428-021-03063-z 
114. Cariati P, Martinez Sahuquillo Rico A, Ferrari L, et al. Impact of histological 
tumor grade on the behavior and prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the 
oral cavity. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. Nov 2022;123(6):e808-e813. 
doi:10.1016/j.jormas.2022.07.005 
115. Okada Y, Mataga I, Katagiri M, et al. An analysis of cervical lymph nodes 
metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Relationship between grade of 
histopathological malignancy and lymph nodes metastasis. Int J Oral Maxillofac 
Surg. Jun 2003;32(3):284-8. doi:10.1054/ijom.2002.0303 
116. Mai Trọng Khoa, Nguyễn Xuân Kử. Một số tiến bộ về kỹ thuật xạ trị ung thư 
và ứng dụng trong lâm sàng. NXB Y học, Hà Nội; 2012. 
117. Schulz D, Streller M, Piendl G, et al. Differential localization of PD-L1 and 
Akt-1 involvement in radioresistant and radiosensitive cell lines of head and neck 
squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. Jul 14 2020;41(7):984-992. 
doi:10.1093/carcin/bgz177 
118. Knochelmann HM, Horton JD, Liu S, et al. Neoadjuvant presurgical PD-1 
inhibition in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Rep Med. Oct 19 
2021;2(10):100426. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100426 
119. Strati A, Koutsodontis G, Papaxoinis G, et al. Prognostic significance of PD-
L1 expression on circulating tumor cells in patients with head and neck squamous 
cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. Aug 1 2017;28(8):1923-1933. 
doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx206 
120. Cho YA YH, Lee JI, et al. . Relationship between the expressions of PD-L1 
and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. . Oral 
Oncol 2011;47(12):1148-1153. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.08.007 
121. Koppel C SH, Zielinski D, et al. . Optimization and validation of PD-L1 
immunohistochemistry staining protocols using the antibody clone 28-8 on 
different staining platforms. Mod Pathol 2018;31(11):1630-1644. 
doi:10.1038/s41379-018-0071-1 
122. Cheng Y, Song Z, Chen J, et al. Molecular basis, potential biomarkers, and 
future prospects of OSCC and PD-1/PD-L1 related immunotherapy methods. 
Heliyon. Feb 29 2024;10(4):e25895. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25895 
123. Schoenfeld JD, Hanna GJ, Jo VY, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab 
plus ipilimumab in untreated oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: a phase 2 
open-label randomized clinical trial. JAMA oncology. 2020;6(10):1563-1570. 
124. Greeshma L, Joseph AP, Sivakumar T, et al. Correlation of PD-1 and PD-L1 
expression in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: an 
immunohistochemical study. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):21698. 
125. Steen S, Semmelmayer K, Flechtenmacher C, et al. Dynamic Up-Regulation 
of PD-L1 in the Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 
Nov 16 2023;24(22)doi:10.3390/ijms242216386 
126. Hu C, Tian S, Lin L, et al. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of 
PD-L1 and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in hypopharyngeal squamous cell 
carcinoma. Oral Oncology. 2020;102:104560. 
127. Soopanit T, Laokulrath N, Chayopasakul V, et al. Prognostic value and 
clinicopathological status of PD‐L1 expression and CD8+ TILs in oral squamous 
cell cancer patients with or without traditional risk factors. Head & Neck. 
2023;45(4):1017-1025. 
128. Owadally W, Hurt C, Timmins H, et al. PATHOS: a phase II/III trial of risk-
stratified, reduced intensity adjuvant treatment in patients undergoing transoral 
surgery for Human papillomavirus (HPV) positive oropharyngeal cancer. BMC 
Cancer. Aug 27 2015;15:602. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1598-x 
129. Li CX, Tan XR, Wei W, et al. A radiobiological perspective on radioresistance 
or/and radiosensitivity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Rep Pract 
Oncol Radiother. 2023;28(6):809-822. doi:10.5603/rpor.99355 
130. Kernohan MD, Clark JR, Gao K, et al. Predicting the prognosis of oral 
squamous cell carcinoma after first recurrence. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck 
Surg. Dec 2010;136(12):1235-9. doi:10.1001/archoto.2010.214 
131. Kim MG, Choi YS, Youn SM, et al. Treatment outcomes and prognostic 
factors in oral tongue cancer: a 20-year retrospective study at the National Cancer 
Center, South Korea. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. Aug 31 
2022;48(4):192-200. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2022.48.4.192 
132. Lim YJ, Kong M. Population-based comparative survival analysis of surgery 
with or without adjuvant radiotherapy and non-operative primary radiotherapy in 
patients with early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Plos one. 
2021;16(11):e0259384. 
133. Silva LABd, Lopes MLDdS, Sá MC, et al. Histopathologic grading and its 
relationship with outcome in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of 
Oral Pathology & Medicine. 2021;50(2):183-190. 
134. Amit M, Yen TC, Liao CT, et al. Improvement in survival of patients with oral 
cavity squamous cell carcinoma: An international collaborative study. Cancer. 
Dec 15 2013;119(24):4242-8. doi:10.1002/cncr.28357 
135. Kim MJ, Ahn KM. Prognostic factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma: the 
importance of recurrence and pTNM stage. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. Mar 
4 2024;46(1):8. doi:10.1186/s40902-024-00410-3 
136. Amit M, Tam S, Takahashi H, et al. Prognostic performance of the American 
Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition of the TNM staging system in patients 
with early oral tongue cancer. Head Neck. May 2019;41(5):1270-1276. 
doi:10.1002/hed.25553 
137. Zhang H, Dziegielewski PT, Nguyen TJ, et al. The effects of geography on 
survival in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncology. 
2015;51(6):578-585. 
138. Vuity D, McMahon J, Takhiuddin S, et al. Is the 8th edition of the Union for 
International Cancer Control staging of oral cancer good enough? Br J Oral 
Maxillofac Surg. May 2018;56(4):272-277. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.01.017 
139. Justesen MM, Stampe H, Jakobsen KK, et al. Impact of tumor subsite on 
survival outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study 
from 2000 to 2019. Oral Oncology. 2024;149:106684. 
140. Lee DS, Ramirez RJ, Lee JJ, et al. Survival of young versus old patients with 
oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: a meta‐analysis. The Laryngoscope. 
2021;131(6):1310-1319. 
141. Hilly O, Shkedy Y, Hod R, et al. Carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients 
younger than 30 years: comparison with patients older than 60 years. Oral Oncol. 
Oct 2013;49(10):987-90. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.07.005 
142. Soudry E, Preis M, Hod R, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue 
in patients younger than 30 years: clinicopathologic features and outcome. Clin 
Otolaryngol. Aug 2010;35(4):307-12. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4486.2010.02164.x 
143. Santos-Silva AR, Ribeiro AC, Soubhia AM, et al. High incidences of DNA 
ploidy abnormalities in tongue squamous cell carcinoma of young patients: an 
international collaborative study. Histopathology. Jun 2011;58(7):1127-35. 
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03863.x 
144. Ghantous Y, Nashef A, Sidransky D, et al. Clinical and Prognostic 
Significance of the Eighth Edition Oral Cancer Staging System. Cancers (Basel). 
Sep 23 2022;14(19)doi:10.3390/cancers14194632 
145. Shinohara S, Kikuchi M, Harada H, et al. Clinicopathological Characteristics 
and Survival Outcomes of Patients with Buccal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: 
Results of a Multi-Institutional Study. Medicina (Kaunas). Dec 13 
2021;57(12)doi:10.3390/medicina57121361 
146. Choi N, Noh Y, Lee EK, et al. Discrepancy between cTNM and pTNM staging 
of oral cavity cancers and its prognostic significance. J Surg Oncol. Jun 
2017;115(8):1011-1018. doi:10.1002/jso.24606 
147. Erazo-Puentes MC, Sanchez-Torres A, Aguirre-Urizar JM, et al. Has the 8th 
American joint committee on cancer TNM staging improved prognostic 
performance in oral cancer? A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir 
Bucal. Mar 1 2024;29(2):e163-e171. doi:10.4317/medoral.25983 
148. Liao L-J, Lo W-C, Hsu W-L, et al. Detection of cervical lymph node 
metastasis in head and neck cancer patients with clinically N0 neck—a meta-
analysis comparing different imaging modalities. BMC cancer. 2012;12:1-7. 
149. Lavaf A, Genden EM, Cesaretti JA, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy improves 
overall survival for patients with lymph node‐positive head and neck squamous 
cell carcinoma. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American 
Cancer Society. 2008;112(3):535-543. 
150. Li M, Xuan G, Gu H, et al. Survival benefit associated with postoperative 
PET-CT before adjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in patients with oral 
squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Nov 2022;51(11):1382-
1388. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2022.03.001 
151. Gartagani Z, Doumas S, Kyriakopoulou A, et al. Lymph node ratio as a 
prognostic factor in neck dissection in oral cancer patients: a systematic review 
and meta-analysis. Cancers. 2022;14(18):4456. 
152. Almangush A, Pirinen M, Youssef O, et al. Risk stratification in oral squamous 
cell carcinoma using staging of the eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer: 
Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Head & Neck. 2020;42(10):3002-3017. 
153. Lin N-C, Hsu J-T, Tsai K-Y. Survival and clinicopathological characteristics 
of different histological grades of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: A single-
center retrospective study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0238103. 
154. Ur Rahaman SM, Ahmed Mujib B. Histopathological correlation of oral 
squamous cell carcinoma among younger and older patients. J Oral Maxillofac 
Pathol. May 2014;18(2):183-8. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.140734 
155. Wagner VP, Webber LP, Curra M, et al. Bryne's grading system predicts poor 
disease-specific survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a comparative study 
among different histologic grading systems. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 
Oral Radiol. Jun 2017;123(6):688-696. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2017.02.012