Study on the growth and development ability of some imported soybean varieties and cultivation techniques for prospect variety in thai nguyen

1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY XUYEN THI LUU STUDY ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ABILITY OF SOME IMPORTED SOYBEAN VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES FOR PROSPECT VARIETY IN THAI NGUYEN Major: AGRONOMY Code: 62 62 01 01 DISSERTATION FOR DOCTOR OF PHYLOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE THAI NGUYEN - 2011 3 RELATED PUBLICATIONS 1. Xuyen Thi Luu, Dep Thi Luan, Tam Minh Hoang (2008), “Effect of planting season of soybean variety 99084 - A28 in Spring and Winter Crop in Thai Nguyen”, Journal of Science and Technology, 3(47) - Vol. 2/2008, Thai Nguyen University Press , pp: 29 - 32. 2. Xuyen Thi Luu, Dep Thi Luan, Tam Minh Hoang (2010), “Study on the effect of planting densities on the growth and development of soybean varieties 99084 - A28 in winter crops 2007 - 2008 in Thai Nguyen”, Journal of Agriculture and rural development, October, 2010, Press of Sciences and technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi; pp: 126 - 130. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Background Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr) is industrial and short growing - duration crop that is multi-purpose plant with high economic value. Its products supply food for human and livestocks; they are also materials for processing industry and high valueable for exporting. Besides, soybean plants are short growing-time crops that are very suitable for crop rotation, intercroping, crop overlaping with many other plants and soil improvement crop (Dan The Ngo et al., 1999) [10]. Soybean is popularly planted in all seven ecological areas over Vietnam. Northern midland and mountainous region has the biggest area (69425 ha) which holds 37.01% the total area of soybean in Vietnam but the lowest yield (1.03 tons/ha). There are many reasons for low yield of soybean in this region such as unavailability of high-yielding soybean varieties, low investment and unreasonable cultivation methods. It is noted that lack of high-yielding soybean varieties and suitable cultivation techniques are the main limitation to soybean yield. The result of variety investigation in 2003-2004 of Department of Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2006) [9] showed that: The Northern Midland and Mountainous Region is one of three areas planting high percentage of local varieties of soybean and low percentage of new soybean varieties (37.5 - 38.4% areas with local soybean varieties). In recent years, Vietnam has imported many good varieties; however their adaptability to ecological region is very different. For that reason we carried out the research titled:” Study on the growth and development ability of some imported soybean varieties and cultivation techniques for prospect variety in Thai Nguyen”. 2. Research Objectives - Selecting the imported soybean varieties that have good growth and development, are suitable with the ecological conditions of Thai Nguyen. - Determining some intensive cultivation techniques that are suitable for the prospect variety. 2 3. Scientific and reality significance 3.1. Scientific significance The research intends to select imported soybean varieties and determining suitable techniques for selected variety in Thai Nguyen. The research results laid the pavement for developing some imported soybean varieties in Thai Nguyen. The research selected prospect soybean variety from the testing imported varieties, suitable for ecological environment in Thai Nguyen and determined the technical methods suitable for selected variety in spring and winter in Thai Nguyen. 3.2. Reality significance - The thesis found out the limitation and prospects for developing soybean production in Thai Nguyen. - Determining and providing some soybean varieties that have good growth and development in spring and winter in Thai Nguyen. - The study results from some technical methods for cultivating soybean contributed on cultivation guideline improvement for soybean intensive farming in winter and spring in Thai Nguyen. - The using new and high yielding variety of soybean and new technical methods resulted in higher economic efficiency, raising the incomes for farmers that planting soybean and promoted the development of soybean production in Thai Nguyen. 4. New findings of the thesis - Based on investigating, analyzing and assessing some advantages and disadvantages effecting on production and results from research on selecting soybean varieties from imported varieties and on determining some technical methods, the scientific basement for developing soybean in winter and spring in Thai Nguyen was confirmed. - Determined the growth and development ability of some soybean varieties in spring and winter crop in Thai Nguyen and two high yielding varieties ĐT2000 and 99084 - A28 were selected. In winter crops, the average yield were from 1.71 to 1.77 tons/ha that were higher than the control variety DT84 by 0.38 to 0.45 tons/ha. In spring crops, the average yield were from 2.16 to 2.24 tons/ha that were higher than the control by 0.37 to 0.45 tons/ha. 3 - Suggested some techniques for completing cultivation guideline for new soybean variety (99084 - A28) with optimum planting time in spring crop is from 15th, February to 6th, March and 5th to 25th, September in winter. The optimum density in spring was 35 plants/ha and 45 plants/ha in winter. The most suitable fertilizer combination was 5 tons of manure + 40 kg N + 80 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O + 300 kg of lime/ha. - Trial of soybean planting in winter and spring in three places of Thai Nguyen was successfully built and implemented. The trial locations are Trang Xa Commune - Vo Nhai District, Hoa Thuong Commune - Dong Hy District and Son Cam Commune - Phu Luong District with the variety 99084 - A28 and new technical methods that got the yield from 2.54 to 2.83 tons/ha, raising by 52,8 - 53,9% compared to the control in winter; 2.32 - 2.75 tons/ha raising by 52,6 - 63,5% than the control; the interest were from 20.2 to 24.5 millions VND/ha in spring and 20.3 to 23.3 millions VND in winter. 5. Thesis structure The dissertation was fulfilled with 102 pages, 31 tables, 3 figures and 2 diagrams. Beside the introduction, the dissertation was divided into 3 chapters where chapter 1: Literature review (25 pages); chapter 2: Research content and methods (13 pages); chapter 3: Results and discussion (58 pages), Conclusion and suggestion (2 pages) and 55 pages for appendices. The dissertation used 115 references in Vietnamese and 58 references in English. CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. Soybean production status in Vietnam and in the world 1.1.1. Soybean production in the world The data collection from Dan The Ngo et al., (1999) [10], Duc Van Hoang (1982) [23], FAO Statistic Database, 2009 [75] showed that the soybean production of the world has increased rapidly in area - yield and output. In the period of 1963 - 1964, the planting area of soybean over the world was 27.3 millions hectare and increased to 96.87 hectare in 2008. In 1960 the yield of soybean over the world was 4 only 1.20 tons/ha but increased to 2.384 tons/ha in 2008, by 98.87% compared to 1960. The output in 1960 was 26.00 millions ton and 230.95 millions ton in 2008, increased 8.85 times. 1.1.2. Production of soybean in Vietnam According to Dan The Ngo et al., 1999 [10], Thieu Van Pham, 2006 [44], soybean has been grown in Vietnam for a very long time but the area was only 32000 ha (1944) and yield was very low (0.41 tons/ha). In recent years, the soybean has developed rapidly in both area and yield. In 1995, the soybean area of whole country was 121.1 thousands hectare; it increased gradually through the years and got 191.5 thousands hectare in 2008. In 1995, the yield of whole country was 1.03 tons/ha and continuously increased through the years and reached the highest in 2007 at 1.47 tons/ha. Although there were some changes in area and yield, the output increased gradually through the years. In 1995, the output of whole country was 125.5 thousands tons and reached the highest in 2005 at 292.7 thousands tons. 1.2. Status of soybean research 1.2.1. Research on soybean over the world The 1st international soybean variety evaluation experiment (ISVEX) in 1973 was conducted in ranges of 90 places in 33 countries representing for environmental zone. Nowadays, the soybean research is received a great deal of attentions, especially in developed countries that are big producers of soybean.Beside the research on selecting and creating varieties, the scientist over the world still study on technical methods such as planting time, density and fertilizer for soybean production. 1.2.2. Soybean research in Vietnam In the period of 2001 - 2005, Vietnam imported 540 samples of soybean varieties from other countries that supplemented to collection of varieties and tested 9482 soybean variety samples; found out 83 samples of varieties that have precious characteristics. In the period of 1985 - 2005, Vietnam created 15 samples of soybean varieties by cross-breeding that were certified as national varieties (Long Dinh Tran 5 and Chinh Thi Nguyen, 2005) [35]. Creating and selecting by mutation treatment method resulted in 4 national varieties (Vinh Quang Mai et al., 2005)[52]. Besides, scientists also studied on technical methods such as planting time, density and fertilizer. Research of some authors such as Dan Thi Nguyen (1996) [11], Thieu Van Pham, 2006 [44], Xiem Tu Nguyen and Phien Thai (1998) [56], Kha Minh Vo (1996) [29], Hinh Tan Nguyen et al, (2006) [25], Truong Thi Tran et al, 2006 [46] showed that: The actual amount of fertilizer required depended on season, soil types, the previous plants and varieties. Hence, there is no fertilizer combination for all of different seasons, regions and soil types. CHAPTER 2: REASERCH CONTENTS AND METHODS 2.1. Materials The experiment included 10 varieties of soybean: ĐT12, TQ, VX92, VX93, ĐT2000, 95389, CM60, 99084 - A18, 99084 - A28, DT84 (control). The whole experiment was applied the same fertilizer combination of Lam Thao Super phosphorus 16,50%, Urea Nitrogen 46,0%, Chloride potassium 50,0%, manure and lime. 2.2. Contents 2.2.1. Survey for existing production of soybean in Thai Nguyen 2.2.2. Assessing growth and development of imported varieties of soybean in Thai Nguyen 2.2.3. Determining some main technical methods for prospect variety 99084 - A28 (timing, density and fertilization) 2.2.4. Trial for testing newly developed techniques in farmer fields. 2.3. Methodology 2.3.1. Survey for existing production state of soybean in Thai Nguyen - The data of climate and weather was collected in Hydro-meteorological station in Thai Nguyen Province. - Determining the texture and characteristic of soil conducting experiment and trials, the soil samples was taken before carrying out the experiment (5samples/place). 6 - Determining the status of soybean production in Thai Nguyen by collecting secondary data and interviewing the staffs of Agricultural and rural development Department of Thai Nguyen Province. - Determining the status of soybean production in some districts, using Participatory Rural Appraisal method (PRA), interviewing farmers by questionnaire (Appendix 3). 2.3.2. Assessing growth and development of the imported soybean varieties in Thai Nguyen 2.3.2.1. Experiment 1: Study on the growth and development of some imported soybean varieties in spring and winter crops in 2004 and 2005 in Thai Nguyen a/ Materials: 10 soybean varieties. b/ Time and place: Soybean was sowed on 15th, February, 2004 and 18th, February, 2005 in spring season and on 15th, September, 2004 and 17th, September, 2005 in winter crops in Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry. c/ Experimental conditions: The experiment was conducted in one rice crop land, the soil texture is light, pHKCl = 4.85; Total Nitrogen = 0.11%; Total potassium = 0.55%; Total phosphorus = 0.07%; Organic matter = 1.82%. d/ Experimental design: Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD with 3 replications. The plot area is 1.4m x 5 m= 7m2. - Technical guideline: Based on the soybean variety testing guideline No. 10TCN 339 - 2002 (MARD, 2001) [4] and No. 10TCN 339 - 2006 (MARD, 2006) [38]. The planting density was 35 plants/m2, the distance between lines was 35 cm and between plants was 8.2 cm. The applied fertilizer combination was 5 tons of manure + 30 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 30 kg K2O + 300 kg lime/ha. e) Research monitoring indicators and method: The monitoring indicators and method were carried out based on the soybean variety testing guideline No. 10TCN 339 - 2002 (MARD, 2001) [4 ] and No. 10TCN 339 - 2006 (MARD, 2006) [38]. 7 2.3.2.2. Experiment 2: Testing some prospect varieties of soybean in spring, 2006 in Thai Nguyen a/ Research sites: Trang Xa Commune - Vo Nhai District, Hoa Thuong Commune - Dong Hy District, Son Cam Commune - Phu Luong District. b/ Materials: 3 prospect varieties were selected through 4 testing seasons (VX93, 99084 - A28, ĐT2000) and DT84 (control). The testing area is 500m2 for each variety in each place. c/ Experiment conditions: The experiment was implemented on one rice-crop land with light texture of soil. The chemical properties of soil in experiment places are shown below: Table 2.2. The chemical properties of soil in experiment sites Indicators Dong Hy Vo Nhai Phu Luong pHKCL 4.6 4.5 4.3 N (%) 0.11 0.10 0.11 P2O5 (%) 0.13 0.15 0.11 K2O (%) 0.73 0.62 0.67 OM (%) 1.92 1.74 1.85 (The soil was sampled in 2005) The dosage of fertilizer and other experimental procedure are as the same as experiment 1. 2.3.3. Studying some main technical methods for the prospect soybean variety 99084 - A28 2.3.3.1. Experiment 3: Determining the planting time for soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring and winter in Thai Nguyen. a/ Time and place: Spring and winter crops in 2005 and 2006 at Thai Nguyen University of Agricultural and Forestry. Table 2.3: Sowing date of the treatments Spring crop Winter crop Treatment 2005 2006 2005 2006 Date 1 5/2 5/2 5/9 5/9 Date 2 15/2 15/2 15/9 15/9 Date 3 25/2 25/2 25/9 25/9 Date 4 7/3 6/3 5/10 5/10 Date 5 17/3 16/3 15/10 15/10 8 b/ Experiment design: Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD with 3 replications. The plot area is 2.8m x 5m = 14 m2. c/ Experiment condition, fertilizers, densities and other technical methods were similar to the experiment 1. 2.3.3.2. Experiment 4: Determining the planting density of soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring and winter crops in 2007 - 2008 in Thai Nguyen. a/ Time and place: In spring and winter crops in 2007 - 2008 at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry. b/ Testing densities: + Density 1: 25 plants/m2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 11,4 cm) + Density 2: 35 plants/m2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 8,2 cm) + Density 3: 45 plants/m2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 6,3 cm) + Density 4: 55 plants/m2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 5,2 cm) + Density 5: 65 plants/m2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 4,4 cm) 2.3.3.3. Experiment 5: Determining the optimum N-fertilizer rate for soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring, 2007 - 2008 in Thai Nguyen. Fertilizer base: 5 tons of manure + 60 kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 300 kg lime/ha. a/ Time and Place: Spring, 2007- 2008 at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry. b/ Experiment design: Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD with 5 treatments, 3 replications. The plot area is 2.8m x 5m = 14 m2. + Treatment 1: Base + 20 Kg N + Treatment 2: Base + 30 Kg N + Treatment 3: Base + 40 Kg N + Treatment 4: Base + 50 Kg N + Treatment 5: Base + 60 Kg N. 9 c/ Experiment condition: As the same as the experiment 1. d/ Indicators and monitoring method: Growth duration, plant height, the leaf area index, pest and disease, lodging resistance ability, yield components, yield and calculation for treatment economic efficiency. 2.3.3.4. Experiment 6: Determining the optimum P-fertilizer for soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring crops in Thai Nguyen. Base Fertilizer: 5 tons of manure + 30 Kg N + 30 Kg K2O + 300 kg lime/ha. a/ Time and place: Spring, 2007-2008 in TUAF. b/ Experiment design and monitoring method: As the same as experiment 5. c/ Experiment conditions: As the same as experiment 1. + Treatment 1: Base + 40 Kg P2O5; + Treatment 2: Base + 60 Kg P2O5. + Treatment 3: Base + 80 Kg P2O5; + Treatment 4: Base + 100 Kg P2O5. + Treatment 5: Base + 120 Kg P2O5. 2.3.3.5. Experiment 7: Determining the optimum K-fertilizer for soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring crops in Thai Nguyen. Base fertilizer: 5 tons of manure + 30 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 300 kg lime/ha. a/ Time and place: Spring crops, 2007 - 2008 in TUAF. b/ Experiment design, norms and monitoring methods: as experiment 5. c/ Experiment condition: As the same as the experiment 1. + Treatment 1: Base + 20 Kg K2O + Treatment 2: Base + 30 Kg K2O + Treatment 3: Base + 40 Kg K2O + Treatment 4: Base + 50 Kg K2O + Treatment 5: Base + 60 Kg K2O. 2.3.3.6. Experiment 8: Determining the optimum fertilizer combinations for soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring crops in Thai Nguyen Experiment included 7 treatments which are selected as the highest yield and economic efficiency in experiments 3,4,5,6,7. 10 a/ Time and place: Spring, 2009 in TUAF. b/ Experiment design: RCBD with 7 treatments, 3 replications. The plot area is 2.8m x 5m = 14,0m2. Fertilizer base was 5 tons of manure + 300 kg lime per hectare. The rates of N, P2O5 and K2O (kg/ha) for each treatment are as follows: + Treatment 1: 30: 60 : 30 (Control); + Treatment 2: 30: 80 : 40 + Treatment 3: 30 :100 : 50 + Treatment 4: 40 : 80 : 40 + Treatment 5: 40 : 80 : 50 + Treatment 6: 40 : 100 : 40 + Treatment 7: 40 : 100 : 50 2.3.4. Trials for testing soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring, 2010 in Thai Nguyen a/ Places: Trang Xa Commune - Vo Nhai District, Hoa Thuong Commune - Dong Hy District, Son Cam Commune - Phu Luong District. b/ The experiment conditions: As the same as the experiment 2. - Trial 1: New variety + New technical methods (optimum sowing date, density and fertilizer combination were determined in experiments 3, 4, 8). - Trial 2: Old variety (DT84) + New technical methods c/ Monitoring indicators: The farmers participated in conducting and evaluation of the trials: Yield (tons/ha), economic efficiency of the trials (expenditure - outcomes) and farmers’ acceptance to the new variety and technical methods. 2.4. Data analysis - The survey information was analyzed by the software Excel 5.0 and SAS program. - The data from the field experiment was calculated, analyzed by the software Excel 5.0, SAS and IRRISTAT programs. 11 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Nature condition and status of soybean production in Thai Nguyen 3.1.1. Climate condition of Thai Nguyen Province Based on the ecology requirements of soybean and analyzed the weather and climate in years conducting experiments it showed that: Although the climate and weather in Thai Nguyen varieties complicatedly but it was still suitable for the growth and development of soybean, in general. Therefore, it needs to be based on the climate data to adjust the suitable planting season. 3.1.2. The survey results of existing soybean production in Thai Nguyen 3.1.2.1. The survey results The area of soybean in recent years has continuously reduced. In 2003, the area was 3656 ha, after 5 years it reduced by 36,6% and got to 2316 ha (2007). It got the big reduce in 2008 (2000 ha). The yield of soybean in Thai Nguyen in recent years has an increasing trend from 1.131 tons/ha to 1.403 tons/ha because some farmers started to use new varieties. Soybean have been planted in all districts and city in Thai Nguyen Province but the planting area are mainly in Pho Yen, Phu Binh, Vo Nhai, Dong Hy district and Song Cong town. Soybean has been planted in 2 main cropping seasons which are spring and winter. 100% households interviewed planted spring soybean and 66.7 - 95.2% households planted winter soybean. The number of households planted summer-autumn soybean was very low (14.6 - 26.2%). The using of old varieties in soybean production is one of the reasons for low soybean yield. At investigated places, we realized that the variety DT 84 was still popularly grown in 52.8% households. Some varieties have transferred to the production recently such as AK03, DT9, DT96, ĐT80... planted by 20.8% of interviewing households. The variety Cuc Luc Ngan was grown in Vo Nhai and Phu Luong District by 29.2% and 25.7 % households, respectively. Investigating in applying the technical methods for soybean production showed that planting soybean mainly based on experiences (21.4 - 52.1%). The number of households applying the old technical methods was also fairly high (31.4 -37.5%). Almost households applied fertilizer unreasonably; the fertilizer rate for soybean was still lower than the guideline. Investigating in the status of soybean pests and diseases showed that the pests were mainly Bean pyramid (Lamprosema indicata Fabricius) and Lima bean pod-borer (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke). 12 3.1.2.2. Advantages and disadvantages to soybean production in Thai Nguyen Investigating in advantages of soybean Production showed that the most optimum factors are the easy-consuming products and the low investment; these are confirmed by 100% households in all investigated places. The other optimum factor is the land: 100% households in Vo Nhai and Phu Luong District and 97.6% households in Dong Hy District claimed that there were many areas that can be grown soybean, because the crop may grow in many soil types. Besides, planting soybean can use labor at the beginning of the spring crops. The fact that soybean crop is very easy to plant was the opinion of 66.7 - 85.7% households. They considered that soybean is easy to plant because it may be grown in many soil types and may be grown with minimum tillage, even though no tillage as in planting the winter soybean. The investigating results showed that there were many disadvantages of soybean production in Thai Nguyen. The main disadvantaged factors were lack of good varieties, improved technical guidelines, pest and diseases and drought at the beginning of spring crops and the end of winter crops. 3.1.2.3. Some solutions for soybean production in Thai Nguyen - Study on determining the suitable varieties in Thai Nguyen Province and designing good service for soybean seeds for soybean Production. - It needs to have a policy that promotes soybean production through agricultural extension activities: Opening training courses for farmers in technical methods for soybean production, building suitable demonstration trials for each region. - Extending and enhancing the cooperation with some scientific organizations (VAAS, TUAF) in research and transferring technology in soybean production. - Long-term plan for soybean production for development of planting area, yield, output and marketing. 3.2. Results of assessing growth and development of the imported varieties of soybean in Thai Nguyen 3.2.1. Results of assessing growth and development of the imported varieties of soybean in spring and winter crops, 2004 - 2005 in Thai Nguyen - Estimated yield (EY): The EY was low or high depending on the yield components. In this experiment, the variety 99084 - A28 and ĐT2000 had the yield components ranging from fair to good level; therefore these varieties had the highest yield (2.72 tons/ha and 2.78 tons/ha in spring crops; 2.42 tons/ha and 2.21 tons/ha in winter crops, respectively), significantly higher than the control at the confidence interval of 95% in 2 crops. The variety VX93 and 95389 had the EY equivalent to the control (DT84: 2.29 tons/ha in spring and 1.84 tons/ha in winter). Other varieties had the EY significantly lower than the control at the confidence interval of 95%. 13 Table 3.12. Yield of testing varieties Estimated yield (tons/ha) Actual Yield (tons/ha) Variety VX VĐ VX VĐ DT84 (control) 2.29 18.4 17.9 13.3 ĐT12 1.66 1.64 1.47 1.06 TQ 1.57 1.52 1.32 1.16 VX92 1.65 1.55 1.27 1.27 VX93 2.15 1.89 1.72 1.50 ĐT2000 2.78 2.21 2.16 1.71 95389 2.37 1.78 1.78 1.48 CM60 1.70 1.59 1.33 1.26 99084-A18 1.76 1.52 1.49 1.29 99084-A28 2.72 2.42 2.24 1.78 CV (%) 8.2 4.4 7.6 8.1 LSD (0.05) 0.383 0.179 0.284 0.252 (Data were averaged over tow years 2004, 2005. For data analysis in each season, see appendices 8 and 13) - Actual yield (AY): The AY of testing varieties ranged from 1.27 to 2.24 tons/ha (spring crops) and from 1.06 to 1.78 tons/ha (winter crops); whereas the variety DT2000 and 99084 - A28 had the highest AY (2.16 tons/ha and 2.24 tons/ha in spring and 1.71 tons/ha and 1.78 tons/ha in winter), higher than the control at 95% confidence interval. The varieties VX93 and 95389 had the AY equivalent to the control (DT84:1.79 tons/ha in spring and 1.33 tons/ ha in winter). Other varieties had the AY significantly lower than the control at 95% confidence interval. The results were similar to those reported by Dien Van Tran et al., (2008) [22], Dung Trung Duong et al., (2010) [15]. 3.2.2. Results of assessing growth and development of the prospect variety in spring - 2006 in Thai Nguyen Based on the results of 4 seasons ( 2 spring crops and 2 winter crops in 2004 - 2005), the 3 varieties VX93, ĐT2000 and 99084 - A28 had the AY and AY equivalent and significantly higher than the control in all crops. We had intended to 14 test these there varieties in spring crop - 2006 on 3 districts Vo Nhai - Dong Hy - Phu Luong of Thai Nguyen Province. The results in table 3.13 showed that, the growing duration of varieties in testing places are 1-2 days different; the varieties had the growing duration ranging from 90 - 120 days which were similar to the results obtained in spring crops in 2004 - 2005. Table 3.13. Growing duration and actual yield of prospect varieties in spring, 2006 Growing duration (days) Actual yield (tons/ha) Indicators Variety Vo Nhai Dong Hy Phu Luong Vo Nhai Dong Hy Phu Luong VX93 95 93 94 17.5 20.7 19.4 ĐT 2000 102 101 102 18.6 20.5 20.3 99084-A28 100 99 99 21.0 23.8 22.5 DT84 (Control) 91 90 90 15.5 18.6 17.3 Yield is the integration indicator reflecting the adaptation ability of varieties in each ecological condition and resistance ability to each pests and environments. The results showed that all varieties had AY higher than the control (DT84: 1.55 - 1.86 tons/ha). The AY in Dong Hy District was the highest (1.86 - 2.38 tons/ha), next to was that in Phu Luong District (1.73 - 2.25 tons/ha) and the lowest was in Vo Nhai District (1.55 - 2.10 tons/ha). In all 3 places, variety 99084 - A28 had the highest AY ranging from 2.10 to 2.38 tons/ha, next to that of variety ĐT2000 reaching 1.86 - 2.05 tons/ha, and the lowest AY belonged to the variety VX93 (1.75 - 2.07 tons/ha). The main advantaged characteristics of the prospect variety 99084 - A28 which be confirmed by farmers in the experiment and field seminars were: + The high yield + Resistance to pests and diseases + Good seed outlook: big, round, light yellow colour and small hilum. Based on the results above, we selected the variety 99084 - A28 to conduct some research on technical methods serving for proposing the technical guideline for cultivating new variety of soybean. 15 3.3. Results from research on some technical methods for the prospect soybean variety 99084 - A28 in Thai Nguyen 3.3.1. Results of determining the optimum sowing date for the soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring and winter crops in Thai Nguyen Table 3.18. Effect of planting season on yield of variety 99084 - A28 in Thai Nguyen (Data were averaged over two years: 2005, 2006. For data analysis in each season, see appendices 17 and 22) The EY of the variety 99084 - A28 in other planting dates had big variation. In spring, the EY ranged from 2.67 to 30.4 tons/ha whereas the EY of PS3 was equivalent to PS2 and PS4 and higher than PS1 and PS5, significantly at confidence interval of 95%. In winter, the EY ranged from 1.06 to 2.44 tons/ha and reached the highest in PS1. The AY in spring crops ranged from 1.80 to 2.19 tons/ha in which the AY of PS3 was equivalent to PS2 and PS4 and significantly higher than PS1 and PS5 at the confidence interval of 95%. The AY in winter ranged from 0.69 - 1.57 tons/ha whereas the highest AY was in PS1 and PS2 (1.57 - 1.53 tons/ha), significantly higher than in other dates at 95% confidence interval. This result was line with that reported by Thieu Van Pham (2006) [44], Dung Trung Duong et al., (2009) [14]. 3.3.2. Results of determining the optimum density for soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring and winter crops in Thai Nguyen. The table 3.22 showed that, in all spring and winter crops, the different densities resulted in different AY and EY. In spring, the EY ranged from 1.86 to 2.78 tons/ha, the AY ranged from 1.66 to 2.50 tons/ha. In Spring, both and AY increased from Planting date Estimated yield (tons/ha) Actual yield (tons/ha) Planting season SC WC SC WC SC WC PS1 5/2 5/9 2.67b 24.4a 18.0c 15.7a PS 2 15/2 15/9 2.86ab 23.0b 20.9ab 15.3a PS 3 25/2 25/9 3.04a 18.7c 21.9a 12.2b PS 4 6(7)/3 5/10 2.75ab 12.9d 20.0ab 8.3c PS 5 16(17)/3 15/10 2.67b 10.6e 19.6b 6.9d CV (%) 4.1 2.9 3.9 7.7 LSD(0.05) 0.319 0.110 0.217 0.250 16 treatment 1 and reached the highest value in treatment 2 (65plants/m2) (The EY got 2.78 tons/ha and the AY was 2.50 tons/ha), then gradually reduced and rapidly reduced when the densities was 65plants/m2 (the EY was 1.86 tons/ha and the AY was 1.66 tons/ha). Table 3.22. Effect of densities on the yield of variety 99084- A28 in Thai Nguyen Spring Winter Norm Treatment Estimated Yield (tons/ha) Actual Yield (tons/ ha) Estimated Yield (tons/ha) Actual Yield (tons/ ha) T1 (25) 2.32c 1.95c 2.00c 1.46d T 2 (35) 2.78a 2.50a 2.20b 1.62c T 3 (45) 2.61b 2.30b 2.47a 1.90a T 4 (55) 2.22d 1.90cd 2.34ab 1.78b T 5 (65) 1.86e 1.66d 1.99cd 1.46d CV (%) 0.9 1.5 2.4 2.5 LSD(0.05) 0.058 0.085 0.145 0.112 (Data were averaged over two years: 2007, 2008. For data analysis in each season, see appendices 27 and 31) In winter, both the EY and the AY increased basing on the raise of density from Treatment 1 to treatment 3 (45 plants/m2), but then reduced even though the raise of density. The EY ranged from 1.99 to 2.47 tons/ha, the AY ranged from 1.66 to 1.90 tons/ha and reached the peak of yield in treatment 3 at 45 plants/m2 (the EY was 2.47 tons/ha, the AY was 1.90 tons/ha). The planting densities affected on the growing and developing indicators of the soybean varieties 99084 - A28 in spring and winter crops in Thai Nguyen. The high densities caused an increase of some indicators such as the plant height, the leaf area index, pest infected index. On the contrary, an increase of densities caused the short growing duration, the low number of primary branches , number of filled pods/plant, number of filled kernels/pod and 1000-kernel weight. The yield rose basing on the increase of densities to a given point (35 - 45 plants/m2), then reduced when continuously increased the planting densities (65 plants/m2). From the collected data, the most optimum density for soybean variety 99084 - A28 in Thai Nguyen was 35 plants per m2 in spring crop and was 45 plants/m2 in winter. At these planting densities, the AY was the highest. 17 3.3.3. Study on optimum N-fertilizer rate for the variety 99084 - A28 in spring in Thai Nguyen Table 3.24. Effect of N-fertilizer rate on yield and interest of the soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring in Thai Nguyen Norm Treatment Filled pods/plant (pods) Filled kernels/pod (kernels) 1000- kernel weight (g) EY (tons/ ha) AY (tons/ ha) Interest (Millions VND/ha) 1 (20N) 21.0d 1.86b 162.8cd 2.23c 1.93c 11.82 2 (30N) 24.7c 1.93ab 165.9b 2.76b 2.34b 17.89 3 (40N) 27.9a 2.00a 167.6a 3.28a 2.77a 24.23 4 (50N) 26.5b 1.95ab 165.8b 3.00ab 2.31b 17.17 5 (60N) 23.7cd 1.88b 163.3c 2.54bc 1.85cd 10.17 CV (%) 2.0 2.0 0.3 3.3 1.4 LSD (0.05) 1.40 0.10 1.3 0.248 0.087 (Data were averaged over two years: 2007, 2008. For data analysis in each season, see appendices 34, 35, 46 and 47) The table 3.24 showed that the number of filled pods/plant, number of filled kernels/pod and 1000-kernel weight increased with an increase of N-fertilizer rate from T1 to T3, then reduced when continuously increasing N rates. Applying N-fertilizer at different rate got the different EY and the AY. The EY were 2.23 - 3.28 tons/ha, the AY were 1.85 - 2.77 tons/ha. Treatment 3 (40 kg N/ha) had the highest EY and AY, significantly higher than other treatments. The economic efficiency analysis of applying N-fertilizer (appendices 46 and 47) showed that the interest increased from the treatment 1 (11.82 millions VND/ha) to treatment 3 and reached the highest interest in Treatment 3 (40 kgN/ha) with 24.23 millions VND/ha, then the interest gradually reduced wh en increasing the N-fertilizer rate; the lowest interest was in treatment 5 (10.17 million VND/ha). Based on the results from two cropping seasons we found that the applied N- fertilizer rate affecting on most growth and development indicators of the soybean variety 99084 - A28. The higher rate resulted in the longer growing duration, the higher plant height, LAI and the level of Bean pyramid and Lima bean podborer. The yield components and yield gradually increased from the treatment 1 (20 kg N/ha) and reached the peak in treatment 3 and then gradually reduced. In short, for the soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring in Thai Nguyen with the fertilizer base of 5 18 tons of manure + 60 P2O5 + 30 K2O + 300kg lime/ha, the optimum N-fertilize rate was 40 kgN/ha which had the highest AY and interest. 3.3.4. Study on the optimum P-fertilizer rate for the soybean variety in spring in Thai Nguyen The different P-fertilizer rates clearly effected on number of filled pods/plant, 1000 kernel weight of the soybean variety 99084 - A28. Different P-fertilizer rate treatments significantly effected on different indicators at 95% confident interval and the yield was obtained in treatment 4 and 5 (100 and 120 kg P2O5 /ha). Applying P-fertilizer at different rates affected on the EY and the AY of the variety 99084 - A28. The AY ranged from 1.65 - 3.4 tons/ha and had the significant differences among treatments. The higher rates of P-fertilizer clearly resulted in higher EY. When increasing 20 kg P2O5/ha resulted in increasing yield of 0.22 - 0.53 tons/ha. The AY ranged from 1.42 - 2.78 tons/ha in which treatment 5 (120 kg P2O5/ha) had the highest AY and significantly higher than treatment 1, 2, 3 at the confidence interval of 95%. Table 3.26. Effect of P-fertilizer rate on yield components and yield of the soybean variety 99084- A28 in spring in Thai Nguyen Norm Treatment Filled pods/ plant (pods) Filled kernels/ pod (kernels) 1000- kernel weight (g) EY (tons/ ha) AY (tons/ ha) Interest (Millions VND/ha) Effciency (kg soybean/ kg P2O5) 1(40P2O5) 16,3e 1,83b 158,32d 16,5e 14,2d 4,4 - 2(60P2O5) 20,3d 1,87b 161,63c 21,4d 18,5c 10,6 22,0 3(80P2O5) 24,3c 1,94ab 163,25b 28,1c 24,0b 18,5 28,0 4(100P2O5) 27,8b 1,98a 164,58a 31,8b 26,9ab 22,6 15,0 5(120P2O5) 29,5a 2,00a 164,75a 34,0a 27,8a 23,5 4,0 CV (%) 1,5 2,0 2,0 2,1 1,8 LSD(0,05) 1,01 0,07 1,21 1,52 1,12 (Data were averaged over two years: 2007,2008. For data analysis in each season, see appendices 38, 39, 40, 48 and 49) 19 The efficiency of using fertilizer was specified by the interest. Taking in the accounts of the experiment (appendices 40 and 49) showed that, applying the higher P-fertilizer made the higher interest, ranging from 0.44 - 2.35 millions VND/ha. The lowest interest in treatment 1 (40 kg P2O5/ha) at 0.44 millions VND/ha; the highest interest in treatment 5 (120 kg P2O5/ha) at 23.5 millions VND/ha. The using fertilizer efficiency showed that treatment 5 with highest P-fertilizer (120 kg P2O5/ha) made the lowest efficiency reaching 4.0 kg seed/1 kg P2O5. Treatment 4 had the efficiency of 15.0 kg seed/1 kg P2O5. Treatment 3 had the highest efficiency at 28.0 kg seed1kg P2O5. The results above showed that on the fertilizer base of 5 tons of manure + 30N + 30K2O + 300 kg lime, the P-fertilizer rate should be applied was 80 kg P2O5/ha due to the highest using efficiency. 3.3.5. Research the optimum K-fertilizer rate for the soybean variety 99084 - A28in spring in Thai Nguyen The different K-fertilizer rates had the positive increase with some norms such as number of filled pods/plant, filled kernels/pods, 1000-kernel weight of the soybean variety 99084 - A28. The number of filled pods/plant ranged from 19.8 to 29.1 pods. The number of filled kernels/pods ranged from 1.8 - 2.01 kernels. The 1000-kernel weight ranged from 154.0 - 165.6 g. Table 3.28. Effect of K-fertilizer rates on yield and interest of soybean variety 99084- A28 in spring crop in Thai Nguyen Norm Treatment Filled pods/ plant (pods) Filled kernels /pod (kernels) 1000- kernel weight (g) EY (tons/ ha) AY (tons/ ha) Interest (Millions VND/ha) Effciency (kg soybean/ kg K2O) 1 (20K2O) 19,8d 1,80c 154,0c 19,2d 16,6d 7,9 - 2 (30K2O) 23,4c 1,87bc 161,8b 24,8c 20,9c 14,2 43,5 3 (40K2O) 27,3b 1,92b 164,6ab 30,2b 26,3b 22,1 53,0 4 (50K2O) 28,6ab 1,97ab 165,5a 32,6ab 28,7ab 25,6 24,5 5 (60K2O) 29,1a 2,01a 165,6a 33,9a 29,4a 26,5 7,5 CV (%) 2,2 1,8 0,2 1,7 2,3 LSD(0,05) 1,57 0,09 1,09 1,33 1,56 (Average data in 2007, 2008. Data treatment every years; appendix 43, 44, 45, 50, 51) 20 The EY and AY increased following by increasing K-fertilizer rate applied and reached the highest value in treatment 5 (60 kg K2O/ha). The EY ranged from 1.92 - 3.39 tons/ha. The AY ranged from 1.66 to 2.94 tons/ha. The data treatment showed that both EY and AY of treatment 4 and 5 that had no significant differences but significantly higher than treatment 1, 2. To assessing the efficiency of applying K-fertilizer by taking into accounts through 2 spring crops 2007, 2008 (appendix 50,51). Table 3.28 showed that rising the K-fertilizer made the rising of interest. The interest ranged from 7.9 to 26.5 millions VND/ha and reached the highest value in treatment 5 (60 kg K2O/ha). The efficiency of applying K-fertilizer on the base of 5 tons of manure + 30 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 300 kg lime showed that treatment 3 with 40 kg K2O/ha gave the highest efficiency at 53,0 kg seed/1kg K2O; treatment 2 with 30 kg K2O/ha had 43.5 kg seed/1 kg K2O. When raising the K-fertilizer rate, the yield still raised but the interest gradually reduced and lowest in treatment 5 at 7,5 kg seed/1 kg K2O. 3.3.6. Research the optimum fertilizer combination for the prospected soybean variety in Thai Nguyen Table 3.30. Effect of fertilizer combinations on yield and interest of variety 99084-A28 in Thai Nguyen Treatment N:P:K Fertilizer Estimated Yield (tons/ha) Actual Yield (tons/ha) Interest (millions VND) 1(Control) 30:60:30 2.42cd 2.08de 14.0 2 30:80:40 2.80c 2.33d 17.2 3 30:100:50 3.14abcd 2.58abcd 20.5 4 40:80:40 3.87a 3.05a 27.8 5 40:80:50 3.55ab 2.97ab 26.5 6 40:100:40 3.37abc 2.73abc 22.6 7 40:100:50 2.99 2.57abcd 20.1 CV (%) 13.5 12.4 LSD(0.05) 0.759 0.577 (Based fertilizer: 5 tons of manure + 300 Kg lime/ha) 21 Sufficient and balanced fertilizer application made an increase of yield components such as number of filled pods/plant, filled kernels/pods, 1000-kernel weight causing an increase of EY and AY of the testing soybean varieties. The EY ranged from 2.42 - 3.87 tons/ha. The AY ranged from 2.08 - 3.05 tons/ha where treatment 4 had the EY at 3.87 tons/ha and the AY at 3.05 tons/ha, significantly higher than other treatments at the confidence interval of 95%. The results of economic efficiency calculation showed that the different fertilizer combinations gave different interest ranging from 14.0 - 27.8 millions VND/ha in which all treatments had the higher interest than the control and the highest was obtained in treatment 4 at 27.8 millions VND/ha. In short, applying the fertilizer with 5 tons of manure + 40 kg N + 80 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O + 300 kg lime/ha for the soybean variety 99084 - A28 gave the highest yield and economic efficiency. 3.4. Soybean demonstration trials in some districts of Thai Nguyen Province Table 3.31. Yield and interest of soybean in modules Actual Yield Season Place Module (Tons/ ha) Module 1 compared to module 2 (%) Interest (Million VND/ha) 1 2.55 63.46 20.3 Vo Nhai 2 1.56 5.5 1 2.75 54.49 23.3 Dong Hy 2 1.78 8.8 1 2.32 52.63 16.9 Phu Luong 2 1.52 4.9 1 2.54 56.86 20.2 Winter 2009 TB 2 1.62 6.4 1 2.67 53.45 22.1 Vo Nhai 2 1.74 8.2 1 2.83 52.97 24.5 Dong Hy 2 1.85 9.8 1 2.54 53.94 20.2 Phu Luong 2 1.65 6.8 1 2.68 53.45 22.3 Spring 2010 TB 2 1.75 8.3 * Notes: Applying new technical methods to 2 modules Module 1: Using new variety (99084 - A28); Module 2: Using old variety (DT84) 22 Table 3.31 showed that with application of new technical methods, soybean variety 99084 - A28 (Module 1) had averaged yield higher than DT84 (Module 2) in spring and winter crops. In winter, 2009 in module 1, the use of new technical methods and variety made the averaged yield at 2.54 tons/ha while in module 2, the use of the old variety made the yield only at 1.62 tons/ha. In spring 2010, the averaged yield of module 1 were 2.68 tons/ha while the module 2 only had 1.75 tons/ha. Among places of building modules, the yield in Dong Hy District was the highest (2.75 tons/ha in module 1 in winter and 2.83 tons/ha in spring). In Vo Nhai district, the yield module 1 were 2.55 tons/ha in winter and 2.67 tons/ha in spring, the lowest yield in Phu Luong district in module 1 (2.32 tons/ha in winter and 2.54 tons/ha in spring). The yield of module 1 was higher than module 2 with the same applied dose of fertilizer causing higher interest in module 1 than module 2. Taking in the accounts (appendix 53) showed the interest in module 1 in all 3 places ranging from 16,9 - 23,3 millions VND/ha while the interest in module 2 was only 4.9 - 8.8 millions VND/ha; the interest in spring in module 1 was 20.2 - 24.5 millions VND/ha while the module 2 only had 6.8 - 9.8 millions VND/ha. The comparison between 2 modules confirmed that using new variety and applying new technical methods gave the much higher yield and economic efficiency than using the old variety. From the above results, we can initially confirm that the building modules of soybean production in winter and spring 2010 in Thai Nguyen have been succeeded. All farmers agreed that the soybean variety 99084 - A28 with the new technical methods was very suitable with climate and land conditions of the region and obtained much higher yield as well as economic efficiency than the local varieties. 23 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Conclusion 1. The favorable factors for developing the soybean production in Thai Nguyen were the favorable climate conditions and the large land resource. The fact that soybean is easy to plant and its products are quickly consumed is the base for development of the soybean production in Thai Nguyen. The main disadvantaged factors in soybean production were lack of high yielding varieties that suitable with ecological area and lack of suitable 2. The comparison results of 10 varieties in two spring crops and two winter crops in 2004 and 2005 showed that there were two varieties ĐT2000 and 99084 - A28 that had the estimate yield (EY) and Actual yield (AY) significantly higher than the control variety at 95% confidence interval in all testing crops. The EY in spring crops were 2.72 and 2.78 tons/ha, 2.21 and 2.42 tons/ha in winter crops. The AY in spring crops were 2.16 and 2.24 tons/ha, 1.71 and 1.78 tons/ha in winter crops. 3. The optimum planting dates of 99084 - A28 variety in spring crop in Thai Nguyen was from 15th, Feb. to 6th, Mar. With this planting date, the EY was from 2.86 to 3.04 tons/ha; the AY was from 2.09 to 2.19 tans/ha that were higher than other periods of planting. The optimum planting dates in winter crop was from 5th, Sep. (when harvesting winter rice) to 25th, Sep. With this planting date, the EY was from 1.87 to 2.40 tons/ha and the AY was from 1.22 to 1.57 tons/ha that significant higher than other studied periods. 4. The most suitable density for soybean variety 99084 - A28 that was planted in spring crop was 35 plants/m2 and 45 plants/m2 in winter. At these densities, the EY was 2.78 tons/ha in spring crop and 2.47 tons/ha in winter; the AY was 2.50 tons/ha in spring and 1.90 tons/ha in winter, significantly higher than other densities tested. 5. Planting the soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring crops with the fertilizer combination of 5 tons of manure + 40 kg N + 80 Kg P2O5 + 40 Kg K2O +300 Kg lime/ha was the most optimum due to both its highest yield (3.05 tons/ha) and its highest interest (27.8 millions VND/ha). 24 6. The result of building modules in three places in Thai Nguyen Province (Vo Nhai district, Dong Hy district and Phu Luong district) showed that the using new variety and applying new technique gave the significantly higher yield and interest than the old variety. The yields of soybean in the modules of new variety and technique were from 2.32 tons/ha to 2.75 tons/ha which increased from 52.63% to 63.46 % than the old variety; 2.54 - 2.83 tons/ha which increased from 52,79 - 53,94% than the old variety in spring. The interests were from 16.9 to 23.3 millions VND in winter and from 20.2 to 24.5 millions VND in spring. Proposition From the research results of adaptation ability of some imported soybean varieties and determining the technical methods for prospect variety in Thai Nguyen, we had some suggestions as follows: 1. Allowing developing the variety 99084 - A28 in Thai Nguyen Province with newly developed technical guideline. 2. Continue to study the adaptation ability of selected varieties in contiguous province and applying the Integrated Crops Management (ICM) to production of new soybean varieties in Thai Nguyen.