Improving livelihood of ethnic minority households in lao cai province of Vietnam

y groups should be strengthened. The role of village leaders and prestigious people should be enhanced to mobilize ethnic minority communities to unite and support each other to develop livelihoods, maintain valuable practices in forest protection, and promote humanitarianism and responsibility of households. Resident’s power and voice is reinforced to enhance the accountability of commune level and public service organizations, and collaborate activities of socio-political organizations with activities of religious organizations in mobilizing and educating ethnic minorities. SUMMARY OF PART 5 It recommends that socio-economic development should be aligned with development perspective of the whole country, and can be sustainable according to the development priority. Thus, having equitable and harmonized policy through respecting ethnic minority’s tradition and culture is essential. The SWOT analysis results in the fact finding from the EM households and local government authority and commune leaders. The SWOT analysis could be an orientation and solution to improve livelihoods of ethnic minority households in Lao Cai province. Main orientation in improving livelihood for ethnic minority households in Lao Cai are: i) Comprehensive development of livelihood assets for ethnic minorities, focus on quality improvement of human resources; ii) Diversification and effectiveness improvement of livelihood activities, major priority to the less risky but sustainable livelihoods; iii) Improvement of livelihood assets for ethnic minorities in Lao Cai to help them mitigate risks, enhance their adaptability, and proactively struggle against vulnerable contexts. The system of 8 solutions is recommended including: i) Diversifying source of livelihoods from agricultural development and improving household income through off-farm activities; ii) Enhancing household’s ability of access to the market; iii) Improving household ability to access to formal financial resources; iv) Improving human resources, raising awareness of people and preserving traditional culture; v) Upgrading infrastructure system; vi) Strengthening the effectiveness of extension services; vii) Reducing the negative impact of natural disasters; viii) Improving social relationship 141 PART 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1. CONCLUSION Livelihood improvements of ethnic minorities in Lao Cai significantly depending on household livelihood assets. Livelihood improvement for ethnic minority households in Lao Cai province refers to five capitals that ethnic minorities have ownership and access to, such as human capital, natural capital, social capital, physical capital and financial capital. Livelihood assets are a means for ethnic minorities to carry out livelihood activities to generate income for their poverty reduction. Different ethnic groups have different livelihood characteristics. Each group has their own specific characteristics of livelihood assets, which unique culture plays a special influence in their utilization of livelihood assets. Improving livelihoods in general and improving the livelihoods of ethnic minority households in particular depends on household livelihood assets. The five main livelihood resources that ethnic minority households have the right to own, use and access to are human resources, natural resources, social resources, physical resources, and financial resources. Different ethnic groups have different livelihood characteristics in which culture plays a very important role in the use of livelihood resources. Livelihoods are the means by which ethnic minorities implementing livelihood activities to generate income and improve household economy. The study also shows that livelihood resources of ethnic minority households in Lao Cai have particular characteristics in the Northern Uplands and are characterized by different ethnic groups. Human resources are abundant but quality is low, households still retain many indigenous knowledge applied in production and life. Land is an important material resource, most of the land of the households have been issued certificates of land use, and land is mainly suitable for rice, perennial and forest land. Water also plays an important role in household livelihoods. Access to water for production and living also encountered difficulties. Different groups of ethnic groups have their own unique socio-cultural characteristics, and the relationship among ethnic groups is quite cohesive. However, the level of participation of households in socio-political organizations is rather low. Access to basic social services of households is limited. Community material such as roads, schools, health clinics, electricity systems have been improved, but they are still quite scarce. Production equipment and assets are poor. 142 The majority of household groups have savings to invest in production and life but are very small. Households have access to a variety of financial sources, but access to formal sources is low. Most of the households lack capital for production. With limited livelihood resources, livelihood activities are rather monotonous. Households have different sources of livelihood but mainly focus on agriculture. Some areas with tourist sites or near borders have additional activities from tourism services, income from the sale of traditional and employed products. Almost all households have not exploited the resources to develop production and business. Household incomes are low, unstable and unsustainable. The dissertation also identifies the main groups of factors affecting livelihood outcomes of ethnic minorities: policy, natural hazards and effects of seasonality. Market factors affect input costs in production and in part on products sold in markets specifically for maize and pig producers. Support programs of international organizations, especially the KOIKA support program (Happiness program), have had a certain impact on the capacity building of the community. The characteristics of different ethnic groups with different farming methods, different practices and perceptions also affect livelihoods and livelihood outcomes. The study also proposes major groups of measures to improve livelihoods of ethnic minorities, such as: i) diversification of livelihoods from agriculture and livelihood improvement through non-farm activities ii) improved access to markets for ethnic minority households, iii) improved access to formal financial resources, iv) improved human resources, awareness raising and preserving traditional values; v) improving infrastructure, vi) improving the efficiency of extension services and enhancing access to extension services; vii) reduce and adapt to the negative effects of nature, viii) improve social relations 6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS 6.2.1 Recommendations towards state agencies Therefore, reviewing existing policies for ethnic minorities in Lao Cai province is recommended to maintain current appropriate policies and revise and improve inappropriate policies. In addition, introducing new policies that could help ethnic minorities to have the most favorable conditions in improving their livelihood assets and reducing poverty is also advised. 143 6.2.2 Recommendations towards Lao Cai government authorities First, supervising and managing activities in the below districts area as well as addressing prompt solutions to find difficulties and obstacles that households are facing are recommended towards communes and villages in Lao Cai province. Second, government of Lao Cai province should invest on education, health and infrastructure, especially for agricultural production and industries which shall be helpful and can be a platform of various income activities to improve livelihood activities of villagers. Next, Lao Cai governments needs to strengthen the role of organizations, such as farmer’s associations and agricultural extension centers to manage and support activities in agricultural production for villager’s empowerment and their capability improvement. Lastly, Lao Cai government authorities should strictly continue implementing policies to support farming households as legal documents promulgate by the state. To be more specific, making farmers better accessible to credit from state subsidy programs with more simple and practical loan conditions to tackle farmer’s capital shortage in their economic preference, so that farmers can be assured for economic development. Above applying policy and elements towards ethnic minorities supported by Lao Cai government authority shall eventually improve villager’s capability and helps to them to utilize their available assets more powerful and eventually improve their livelihoods and more sustainable. 6.2.3 Recommendations towards ethnic minorities Remote and ethnic villagers have their common problem in similar social and economic livelihoods so they need to aggregate to share their difficulties and how to solve them together under the guidance of commune and district officers. Most minor obstacles and challenging issues should be solved by villagers’ assets and efforts by participatory manner. Some obstacles or challenging issues beyond villager’s capabilities and assets needs to appeal to commune and district office to be helped by technical and partial support from the government authorities. However, the author recommends the followings towards ethnic villagers; Firstly, for farming households who want to change their livelihood model, it is necessary to identify suitable model in accordance with available assets of their family as well as of the society. 144 Secondly, ethnic minorities should take an advantage and initiative of social capitals because it is important to build relationships and links with organizations and individuals that could support people in livelihood activities. Lastly, ethnic minorities need to enhance valuable cultural traits and seek to remove outdated and backward features in a process of developing and reducing poverty. 145 LIST OF AUTHOR’S PUBLICATION 1. Kim Sun Ho, Nguyen Thi Minh Hien, Nguyen Tho Quang Anh and Ho Ngoc Ninh (2017). Developing corn value chains of Minority Ethnic Households in Lao Cai province, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal Agricultural Sciences, Vol 15, N0 9. 1288-1300. 2. Kim Sun Ho and Nguyen Thi Minh Hien (2017). Study on the significant influence of capacity building toward the livelihood assets of ethnic minority villages in the northern part of Vietnam. Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning, Vol 23 N0 4, 1-13. 3. Kim Sun Ho (2017). Study on the capacity building influence toward the Livelihood Assets of 8 ethnic minority villages in Lao Cai province and its recommendation to NRD policy: A review on the theory and Lao Cai Happiness Program’s Practice. Present on ISAASS 2017 International congress and general meeting: Green Agriculture in Southeast Asia: Theories and Practices” held on October 14 -16, 2017 at VNUA, Hanoi, Vietnam. 146 REFERENCES 1. Ashley, C. and D. Carney (1999). Sustainable livelihoods: Lessons from early experience, Department for International Development London. 2. Ahmed UI, Ying, Bashir, Abid, Elahi (2016). Access to output market by small farmers: The case of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 26(3): 3. Baulch, B. (2010). 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Race ethnicity and education 8(1): 69-91. 153 Appendix Appendix 1: logit model result . logit Y X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 Iteration 0: log likelihood = -256.44421 Iteration 1: log likelihood = -165.14171 Iteration 2: log likelihood = -164.20346 Iteration 3: log likelihood = -164.20151 Iteration 4: log likelihood = -164.20151 Logistic regression Number of obs = 371 LR chi2(6) = 184.49 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 Log likelihood = -164.20151 Pseudo R2 = 0.3597 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Y | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- X1 | .0886222 .0952244 0.93 0.352 -.0980141 .2752585 X2 | .2093901 .2731184 0.77 0.443 -.3259122 .7446924 X3 | .1375988 .2755202 0.50 0.617 -.4024109 .6776084 X4 | -.5614261 .1497704 -3.75 0.000 -.8549707 -.2678816 X5 | -.0366746 .0140646 -2.61 0.009 -.0642407 -.0091085 X6 | -2.903912 .3297241 -8.81 0.000 -3.55016 -2.257665 _cons | 8.246251 1.160117 7.11 0.000 5.972463 10.52004 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . mfx Marginal effects after logit y = Pr(Y) (predict) = .4279654 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 154 variable | dy/dx Std. Err. z P>|z| [ 95% C.I. ] X ---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------- X1 | .0216957 .02329 0.93 0.351 -.023943 .067334 3.0566 X2 *| .0511984 .06667 0.77 0.443 -.079471 .181868 .512129 X3 *| .0336867 .06744 0.50 0.617 -.098487 .165861 .479784 X4 | -.1374433 .03661 -3.75 0.000 -.20919 -.065696 2.08895 X5 | -.0089783 .00343 -2.61 0.009 -.015709 -.002247 40.0189 X6 | -.7109097 .0785 -9.06 0.000 -.864764 -.557055 2.18329 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (*) dy/dx is for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1 155 Appendix 2: HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE No.: Full name of household head: .................................................................. Address: .............................. ..................................................................... A. ASSETS LIVELIHOODS I. INFORMATION ABOUT HUMAN CAPITAL 1.1. Age: .................................. 1.2. Gender: .............................. 1.3. Ethnic group: ............................ ID Number: ................................. Issued on: .............................. Issued at: .............................................. 1.4. Educational level of the household head  Non-school  Primary education  Secondary Education  Secondary Education (high school)  Further education with specialized diploma 1.5. Types of households  Poor household  Non-poor household  Pure farming household  Integrated farming household (agriculture and industry)  Household doing business - service- hired job- working at government agencies 1.6. Total members of the household: ....... people; female: .......people 1.7. Number of labors in the household: ....... people No. Name Gender Age Educational/ Remark professional level 1 2 3 4 5 1.8. Number of labors whose job is not matched with their specialization: .......people 1.9. Number of labors specialized in agriculture: ....... people 156 1.9. Number of unemployed people: ..... people (they are not really unemployed but employed in few months in a year; then they are asked to tell the average number of months in employment per year) 1.10. Reason of unemployment:  No productive land  No qualification  Lack of funds  Do not know what to do  Others: ............................................... 1.9. Does your household have any employment plan?  Yes  No 1.10. Does anyone in your household work for hired job?  Yes  No 1. 11. If some members in your household are hired, the number of male hired worker is ....... and the number of female hired workers is ....... . 1. 12. What is the main occupation of hired workers?  Agriculture (seasonal)  Construction & industry  Other.... 1.13. Where are they hired? Oversea, outside the province, within the province, ........... The average distance from the hired location to your house is ..............km Indicators related to food security and vulnerability Index Score Number of meals in the past 2 days 1. Not fixed (erratic) 2. 2 meals per day 3. 3 meals per day Did your household have enough food last 1. No month? 2. Yes Has your household had enough food in the 1. No last 12 months? 2. Yes Number of meals having dairy products 1. No (milk, cheese ...) 2. Not fixed 3. Once or twice per week 4. At least 3 times per week Number of meals having vegetables 1. No products from vegetables 2. Not fixed 3. Once or twiceper week 4. At least 3 times per week 157 Number of meals having meat products 1. No 2. Not fixed 3. Once or twice per week 4. At least 3 times per week Indicators related to housing Is your house roof made of reliable materials 1. No (reliable materials include tile, wood, 2. Yes concrete, fibro cement)? Is your house wall made of reliable 1. No materials? 2. Yes Is your house floor made of reliable 1. No materials (cement, soil or tiled)? 2. Yes Does your household use electricity? 1. No 2. Yes Does your household have to buy 1. Yes. We have to buy. ingredients for cooking? 2. No. We can take it by ourselves. What is the main material used for cooking 1. Wood in your household? 2. Electricity 3. Gas Does your house have any toilets? 1. No 2. Yes Number of rooms in your house 1. One 2. Two 3. Three or more Source of water 1. Spring 2. Wells 3. Tap water Does the source of water regularly supply 1. No water for your household? 2. Yes Total times of catching water 1.Once in every 4 days or more 2. Once in every 3 days 3. Once in every 2 days 4. Everyday 158 II. INFORMATION ABOUT NATURAL CAPITAL 2.1. Total land area of your household: ................ (m2). Included: Area of residential land and garden land: Area of agricultural production land: Area of non-agricultural land: Name Name of plots Area Type of field Irrigation Current Land use (m2) (hilly/ method plantation direction medium/ structure in the valley) future 2.2. What is your opinion about land use needs?  Increasing area  Maintaining the same area  Reducing area 2.3. Which difficulties in land use have you encountered?  Land degradation, difficult rehabilitation  Sunken land and offshore land which is hard to care for and harvest  Small area and scattered land which it is difficult to apply advanced techniques  Lack of planning 2.4. Which solutions do you want to carry out?  Changing the cultivation methods on degraded soils  Utilizing machinery to renovate sunken lands  Making planning of concentrated production for time and cost saving  Giving guidelines on land planning by local authorities III. INFORMATION ABOUT FINANCIAL CAPITAL 3.1. Total average monthly income of the household: ......... million VND/ month Including: (1) Income from agriculture production: ............................ (2) Income from professions: ................................. (3) Income from business/ services: ....................... (4) Income from hired jobs: ............................ 159 (5) Salary from government agencies:............................ 3.2. Savings of the household: ...... million VND / month 3.3 Where does your family borrow capital for investment in production and business? Sources Loan Interest Lending Adequate/ (VND rate period Inadequate mil) (%) Agri-bank Bank of Social Policies Friends Relatives 3.4. What is the purpose of loans?  To expand production scale  To send children to school  To develop trades  Others 3.5. Which kinds of support does your household receive? Please clarify the source of support.  Support for inputs: seeds, fertilizers, pesticides  Cash (low-interest-rate loans)  Technique: free vocational training Others 3.6. How can your household access local policies on production support?  Difficult  Easy - Does your household attend any technical training course? Yes [] No [] If yes, how many times per year? ..................................... - If you have difficulty in the production process, who do you often ask for help? Commune officials [ ] Village leaders [] Agriculture extension officers [ ] Other farmers [] District officials [] - Do agriculture extension officers regularly visit your household for technical support? If yes, how many times per year? ................................ 160 - Where does your household sell products and why? (Note: more than one answer is acceptable) o In the market o Higher price o Selling for traders rightly at home o Collecting money immediately o Taking products to the purchasing o Easy to sell products agents o Others ............................. o Others................... 3.7.How can your household manage your revenue and expenditure of production? Unit: million VND / year No. Activity revenue Expense 1 Agriculture - Fishery Production - Cultivation - Animal Husbandry - Fishery 2 Trades 3 Business - Service Others 4 Total IV. INFORMATION ABOUT MATERIAL CAPITAL 4.2. Type of households?  Poor, near poor  Normal  Rich 4.3. Which assets does your household have for the daily life? No. Name of Assets Quantity Status (new/ old) 1 Television 2 Refrigerator 3 Motorcycle 4 Bicycle 5 Air conditioner 161 6 Computer 7 Washing machine Others 4.4. Which assets does your household have for production and business? No. Name of Assets Quantity 1 Plowing machine 2 Water pump 3 Attrition mill machine 4 Tofu making machine 5 Sewing machine 6 Sawmill 7 Drawing machine 4.5 How can you think about infrastructure in your area? (Mark X in the box) Criteria Good Fair Average Poor Unchanged 1. Electricity works 2. Roads 3. Social welfare works 4. Irrigation works 5. Rural markets 6. Communication systems 7. Clean water systems 4.6. How can you think about the quality of education in your area (from preschool education to secondary education)?  Very good  Good  Poor 4.7. Where do you often sell your products such as agriculture products and handicrafts?  Selling to traders rightly at home; At the market. The distance from your house to the market is .............. km; 162  Others ..................... 4.8. Means used to sell products  Buffalo, cow and horse riding vehicles  Motorcycles  Bicycles  Cars V. INFORMATION ABOUT SOCIAL CAPITAL 5.1. Does anyone in your household participate in any mass organizations?  Yes  No If yes, please clarify specific organizations?  Commune authorities  Village officers  Veterans  Farmers’ Union  Cooperatives  Others Name of the organization: ........................................... 5.2. How often can they join in the organization?  Regularly  Average  Seldom 5.3. Since participating in the organization, does your household receive support from the organization?  Yes  No Please clarify the support? (if any).............................................. ...................... 5.4. How is the support? A. Decrease B. Increase C. Constant B. LIVELIHOOD STATUS AND STRATEGY 1. Current status Household income and income structure in 2015 Source of income Main Area (in Yield Output Unit price Amount source 360m2) (kg / (Kg) (VND 1,000) of 360m2) income 1. Cultivation - Rice + 1 crop + 2 crop - Cassava - Maize 163 - Peanut - Sweet potato - Vegetables - Fruits - Industrial trees - 2. Animal Head VND 1,000 VND 1,000 husbandry - Cow - Buffalo - Pigs - Poultry - Goat 3. Forestry ha VND 1,000 VND 1,000 production: - Natural forests (do you earn money from natural forests?) - Protective forest - Plantation forest - By-products from the forest 4. Revenues from Area (in Yield Output Unit price Amount fisheries 360m2) (kg / (Kg) (VND 1,000) (VND 360m2) 1,000) - Growing - 5. Revenues from VND 1,000 VND 1,000 non-agricultural activities: 164 - Services - Craft - Hired jobs - 6. Other revenues - Salaries, pensions - Sale of properties - Interest of savings and loans - Sponsor Total revenue a) What are your household’s difficulties in current livelihood?  Erratic weather  Poor quality and low productivity seeds  Fiercely competitive market  Diseases  Difficult product consumption  Unstable livelihood capitals  Lack of specialized knowledge  Psychology  Limited access to policy mechanisms  High input cost, low output cost b) Which solutions does your household need?  New varieties are put in experiments  Local authorities encourage enterprises to buy products (agriculture products and others)  Vocational training courses and seminars on technology transfer are organized  Policies are introduced at meetings of local people  Subsidies on input cost and output price are provided  Trial are done c) Does your household want to develop and change your livelihoods?  Yes  No 2. Livelihood strategies In future, which livelihood strategies does your household have?  Reducing the cultivation area and increasing the scale of animal husbandry  Changing the structure of plants (changing to high-value plants or safe production) 165  Expanding production scale (business, trades ...)  Looking for new markets  Combining different types of production (at least 3 types)  Being hired or workers in industrial zones  Taking houses in rent  Others: ...................... 3. Where do your often visit when you are sick? ............................ 4. Distance from your house to clinics or medical care place: ........................... .km 5. How can you go there? ..................... .. (ambulance/ buffalo riding vehicle/ motorcycle) C. LIVELIHOOD OUTCOME 1. In your opinion, how can you think about your household utilization of livelihood capitals? Appropriate  Inappropriate 2. Is your household provided with vocational training or technical transfer?  Yes  No Please clarify specially: ........................................................................... 3. It is heard that the industrial zone will be located in your commune. If your household is under the land planning for the zone, what will you do?  Selling land  Not selling land If you sell your land, how can you use the money you earn from selling land?  To develop household economy  To invest in other production types  To send money to banks To build house and buy furniture 4. What do you think about the impact of livelihood development and change? (Mark X in the box) Impact Assessment A. Positive Reducing risk Increasing salary Improving the lives Ensuring children education 166 Improving household economy Improving food security Creating jobs for others B. Negative Not paying much attention to children Little communicating with others Arising bad habits Leading to environmental pollution Bringing about some other social evils 5. Do you have any suggestions for central government and local authorities? ............................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Thank you so much for your answer! 167 Appendix 3 List of main supporting policy for ethnic minority households Credit policies: Decree No. 78/2002 / ND-CP dated October 4, 2002 of the Government on credit for the poor and other policy beneficiaries. Loan size for each loan is suitable to each type of beneficiaries entitled to preferential credit loans decided by the Board of Directors of Social Policy Bank and announced on the basis of the demand for loans and the potential source of capital mobilized in each period; Decision No. 31/2007 / QD-TTg dated March 5, 2007 of the Prime Minister on credit for production and business households in difficult areas. The maximum loan size is VND 30 million without a loan guarantee. On some cases, the maximum loan can be VND 100 million. The loan of over 30 million VND must be guaranteed by property formed from loan capital in accordance with the law on security transactions. Decision No. 92/2009 / QD-TTg dated September 8, 2009 of the prime minister on credit for traders in difficult areas. Loan capital level: for individual traders who cannot open accounting books, pay presumptive tax according to tax agencies' regulations, the maximum amount is VND 30 million; for individual traders who open accounting books, pay taxes of up to VND 100 million as prescribed by law; for traders as economic organizations, the maximum amount is VND 500 million. Decree No. 75/2015 / ND-CP dated 09/9/2015 of the Government on mechanisms and policies on forest protection and development, along with policies of sustainable poverty reduction and support ethnic minorities in years 2015-2020. With forestation for production of non-timber forest products, households can be granted a loan of maximum VND 15 million without a loan guarantee by the bank. The loan period shall be from the time of planting to the date of principal exploitation according to the business cycle of the crop, but it must not exceed 20 years. Loans for livestock farming have no collateral for breeding buffaloes, cows and other livestock with maximum loan limit of VND 50 million, maximum loan term of 10 years, interest rate of 1.2%/ year. Decision No. 2085 / QĐ-TTg dated 31/10/2016 of the Government on specific policies to support the socio-economic development of ethnic minority and mountainous areas during 2017-2020: Under the Government's Decree No. 78/2002/ND-CP of October 4, 2002 on credit for the poor and other policy beneficiaries, the maximum loan level is applicable to poor households in each period, and the maximum loan term is 10 years. The lending rate is equal to 50% of the interest rate applicable to poor households in each period (6.6% / year, 0.55% / month). Vocational training policies Decision No. 1956 / QD-TTg dated 27 November 2009 of the government approving the project "Vocational training for rural laborers up to 2020" Decision No. 971 / QĐ-TTg dated 01, July 2015 of the prime Minister amending and supplementing Decision No. 1956 / QD-TTg, the target is rural labor in working age, for poor households, ethnic minorities. Level of support: Basic level and vocational training is less than 3 months with the maximum level of 3 million VND / person / course; food allowance at the rate of 15,000 VND per day per class; The maximum travel allowance is 168 200,000 VND / person and course for vocational training far from the residence of 15 km. After apprenticeship, they may borrow capital from the national employment fund under the national target program on employment in order to create jobs for themselves. Poverty reduction policies Decision No. 71/2009 / QD-TTg dated 29, April 2009 of the prime minister approving scheme on supporting poor districts to boost labor export to contribute to sustainable poverty reduction in the 2009-2020 period. Long-term residents in 61 poor districts are targeted by organizations and enterprises operating under the law of Vietnamese workers. For export laborers, they work overseas under contracts and vocational training establishments. The support is as follows: 100% support of tuition fees, training allowance and necessary knowledge for laborers of poor house households. For ethnic minorities, 50% of tuition fees, foreign language, fostering necessary knowledge for other subjects in 61 poor districts will be supported. Only poor laborers and ethnic minority people will receive extra allowances for living expenses at the rate of VND 40,000 person a day, accommodation at VND 200,000 person a month, and personal expenses, such as clothes, blankets, uniforms, footwear with the level of VND 400,000 per person with the cost of completing the procedures before commuting to work in the country. In addition, levels prescribed for passport fees, visa fees, medical examination fees and judicial record fees will be included as well. Decree No. 75/2015/ND-CP dated on 09, September 2015 of the government on mechanisms and policies on forest protection and development, they coupled with policies to reduce poverty quickly and sustainably and support ethnic minorities in the period 2015-2020 with the content of forest protection contract; forest protection and regeneration with additional forest; To plant production forests and develop non-timber forest products; planting protective forests; Rice allowance instead of upland fields. Decision No. 1722/QĐ-TTg dated 02/9/2016 of the prime minister approving the national target program on poverty alleviation in the 2016-2020 period with five component projects: Program 30a; Program 135; support for production development, livelihood diversification and replication of poverty reduction models in communes outside Program 30a and Program 135; Capacity building and monitoring and evaluation of program implementation. Decision No. 2085/QĐ-TTg dated 31/10/2016 on specific policies to support the socio- economic development of ethnic minority and mountainous areas in the 2017-2020 period, including support for residential land, production land, water; Arrange to stabilize the population; Direct support for nomadic farming households. Livestock support policies Decision No. 50/2014/QD-TTg dated 04/9/2014 of the prime minister on supporting the efficiency improvement of animal husbandry in the period of 2015-2020. Start-up policies Resolution No. 35/NQ-CP dated 16/5/2016 of the government on support and development of enterprises up to 2020 with the objective of building a competitive and 169 sustainable Vietnamese enterprise by 2020, with at least 1 million enterprises, which there are large-scale enterprises with strong resources, and 30-35% of enterprises having innovative activities every year. Decision No. 844/QD-TTg dated May 18, 2016 approving the project "Supporting eco- innovations for national innovation up to 2025" with the objective of creating a favorable environment for promotion and support to develop a rapidly growing business model based on the exploitation of intellectual property, technology and new business models. By 2025, support for the development of 2,000 innovation projects, support for the development of 600 innovative enterprises, and 100 enterprises participating in the project to call for investment capital from venture capital investors. Currently, trading and merging with total values are estimated at VND 2000 billion. Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Development Assistance Program (SMED) is intended to support basic capital borrowing with a maximum loan of 70% of the total eligible investment capital of the project, business; maximum of VND 10 billion at fixed interest rate of 7% per annum during the loan period. The youth program for the period of 2016 - 2021 aims to create a favorable environment to promote and support start-up and innovation. 170