Luận án Nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh học cá song vua epinephelus lanceolatus (bloch, 1790) ở giai đoạn phát triển ban đầu (phôi, ấu trùng và cá hương)

Trong quá trình phát triển phôi: Độ mặn nƣớc từ 32,0 - 35,0 ppt (± 0,5) và nhiệt độ nƣớc (28,0 ± 0,5)ºC là điều kiện thích hợp nhất để phôi cá Song vua phát triển, trứng cá Song vua nở ra ấu trùng đạt tỷ lệ cao nhất và tỷ lệ ấu trùng dị hình thấp nhất. Ấu trùng cá Song vua đƣợc chia làm 5 giai đoạn, khi mới nở ấu trùng có kích thƣớc 1,72 ± 0,04 mm, đƣờng kính của khối noãn hoàng là 0,91 ± 0,1 mm, ấu trùng có một giọt dầu nằm ở phía lƣng của khối noãn hoàng với đƣờng kính giọt dầu là 0,16 ± 0,05 mm. Ấu trùng cá Song vua thƣờng mở miệng sau 60 giờ kể từ khi trứng nở (độ mặn 28 ppt và nhiệt độ 28ºC) với kích thƣớc mở miệng là 130,5  20,0 m. Gai cứng xuất hiện trên vây lung và vây ngực của ấu trùng từ ngày tuổi thứ 9, gai cứng dài tối đa vào ngày tuổi thứ 21 và các gai cứng này biến mất vào ngày tuổi thứ 35, ấu trùng cá Song vua hoàn thành biến thái thành cá hƣơng ở ngày tuổi thứ 42 khi đó kích thƣớc ấu trùng đạt 35,02 ± 0,51 mm. Khi mới nở ống tiêu hóa của ấu trùng cá Song vua là một ống thẳng, mầm dạ dày xuất hiện vào ngày thứ 3 và phát triển hoàn thiện ở giai đoạn hoàn thành biến thái. Đặc trƣng ống tiêu hóa của ấu trùng cá Song vua là to và ngắn. Điều kiện độ mặn nƣớc thích hợp nhất cho ấu trùng phát triển là 28 - 32 ppt và nhiệt độ nƣớc thích hợp (từ khi nở đến khi ấu trùng 20 ngày tuổi) là 28oC, khoảng nhiệt độ nƣớc thích hợp (từ khi ấu trùng 20 ngày tuổi đến ấu trùng hoàn thiện biến thái) là 28 - 31oC

pdf151 trang | Chia sẻ: tueminh09 | Ngày: 24/01/2022 | Lượt xem: 404 | Lượt tải: 0download
Bạn đang xem trước 20 trang tài liệu Luận án Nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh học cá song vua epinephelus lanceolatus (bloch, 1790) ở giai đoạn phát triển ban đầu (phôi, ấu trùng và cá hương), để xem tài liệu hoàn chỉnh bạn click vào nút DOWNLOAD ở trên
g density, salinity, and light intensity on growth and survival of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) larvae. Journal of the World aquaculture society, 27(2), 153-159. 24. Das, T., Pal, A., Manush, S. K., Dalvi, R. S., Sarma, K., Mukherjee, S. C. (2006). Thermal dependence of embryonic development and hatching rate in (Labeo rohita Hamilton, 1822). Aquaculture 255: 536-541. 25. Dhert, P., Lavens, P., Duray, M., and Sorgeloos, P. (1990). Improved larval survival at metamorphosis of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) using ω3-HUFA - enriched live food. Aquaculture, 90(1), 63-74. 26. Doi, M., Munir, M. N., Nik Razali, N. L., and Zulkifli, T. (1991). Artificial propagation of the grouper, Epinephelus suillus at the marine finfish hatchery in Tanjong Demong, Terengganu, Malaysia. Kerta Pengembangan Bil, 167. 27. Doi, M., Ohno, A., Taki, Y., Singhagraiwan, T., and Kohno, H. (1997). Nauplii of the calanoid copepod, Acartia sinjiensis as an initial food organism for larval red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus). Suisanzoshoku (Japan), 45(1), 31-40. 28. Doi, M., Toledo, J. D., Golez, M. S. N., de los Santos, M., and Ohno, A. (1997). Preliminary investigation of feeding performance of larvae of early red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), reared with mixed zooplankton. Live Food in Aquaculture (pp. 259-263): Springer. 29. Duray, M. N., Estudillo, C. B., and Alpasan, L. G. (1997). Larval rearing of the grouper (Epinephelus suillus) under laboratory conditions. Aquaculture, 150(1), 63-76. 107 30. Fan, B., Liu, X. C., Meng, Z. N., Tan, B., Wang, L., Zhang, H. F., Lin, H. R. (2013). Cryopreservation of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus Bloch, 1790) sperm. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 31. Fielder, D. S., and Bardsley, W. (1999). A preliminary study on the effects of salinity on growth and survival of mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) larvae and juveniles. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 30(3), 380-387. 32. Fielder, D. S., Bardsley, W. J., Allan, G. L., and Pankhurst, P. M. (2005). The effects of salinity and temperature on growth and survival of Australian snapper (Pagrus auratus) larvae. Aquaculture, 250(1), 201-214. 33. Forrester, C. and Alderdice, D. (1966). Effects of salinity and temperature on embryonic development of the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, 23(3), 319-340. 34. Fourmanoir, P., and P. Laboute. (1976). Poissons de Nouvelle Calédonie et des Nouvelles Hébrides. Les Éditions du Pacifique, Papeete, Tahiti. 376 p. 35. Freese, D., Kreibich, T., and Niehoff, B. (2012). Characteristics of digestive enzymes of calanoid copepod species from different latitudes in relation to temperature, pH and food. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 162(4), 66-72. 36. Fukuhaka. O. (1986). Morphological and functional development of Japanese flounder in early life stage. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisherie, 52(1), 81-91. 37. Fukuhaka. O. (1987). Larval development and behavior in early life stages of black sea bream reared in the laboratory. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53(3), 371-379. 38. Fukuhara. O. (1989). A review of the culture of grouper in Japan. Bull. Nansei Reg. Fish. Res. Lab, 22, 47-57. 39. Garcia, A. S., Parrish, C. C., and Brown, J. A. (2008). Growth and lipid composition of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae in response to differently enriched Artemia franciscana. Fish physiology and biochemistry, 34(1), 77-94. 40. García-Ortega, A., Daw, A., and Hopkins, K. (2014). Feeding Hatchery-Produced Larvae of the Giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). 108 41. Gemmell, B. J., and Buskey, E. J. (2011). The transition from nauplii to copepodites: susceptibility of developing copepods to fish predators. Journal of plankton research, 33, 1773 - 1777. 42. Gisbert, E., Merino, G., Muguet, J. B., Bush, D., Piedrahita, R. H., and Conklin, D. E. (2002). Morphological development and allometric growth patterns in hatchery‐reared California halibut larvae. Journal of Fish biology, 61(5), 1217-1229 43. Glamuzina, B., Skaramuca, B., Glavic, N., Kozvul, V., Dulcic, J., and Kraljevic, M. (1998). Egg and early larval development of laboratory reared dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus Lowe, 1834) (Picies, Serranidae). Scientia Marina, 62(4), 373- 378. 44. Glamuzina, B., Glavic, N., Tutman, P., Kozul, V., and Skaramuca, B. (2000). Egg and early larval development of laboratory reared goldblotch grouper (Epinephelus costae Steindachner, 1878) (Pisces, Serranidae). Scientia Marina,64(3), 341- 345. 45. Glamuzina, B., Glavić, N., Skaramuca, B., Kozul, V., and Tutman, P. (2001). Early development of the hybrid (Epinephelus costae ♀× E. marginatus♂). Aquaculture, 198(1), 55-61. 46. Glamuzina, B., Skaramuca, B., Glavic, N., Kozvul, V., Dulcic, J. and Kraljevic, M. (1998). Egg and early larval development of laboratory reared dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus Lowe, 1834) (Picies, Serranidae). Scientia Marina, 62(4), 373- 378. 47. Gomez, K. A., and Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley & Sons, 680p. 48. Gracia-López, V., Kiewek-Mart nez, M., and Maldonado-Garc a, M. (2004). Effects of temperature and salinity on artificially reproduced eggs and larvae of the leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea). Aquaculture, 237 (1), 485 - 498. 49. Grant, E.M. (1982). Guide to Fishes. Dep. Harbours Mar., Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 896 p. 50. Hagiwara, A., Kotani, T., Snell, T.W., Assavaaree, M., Hirayama, K., 1995. Morphology, reproduction, genetics, and mating behavior of small tropical marine Brachionus strains (Rotifera). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 194, 25–37. 109 51. Hagiwara, A., Gallardo, W. G., Assavaaree, M., Kotani, T., and De Araujo, A. B. (2001). Live food production in Japan: recent progress and future aspects. Aquaculture, 200(1), 111-127. 52. Hagiwara, A., Wullur, S., Marcial, H. S., Hirai, N., and Sakakura, Y. (2014). Euryhaline rotifer Proales similis as initial live food for rearing fish with small mouth. Aquaculture, 432, 470-474. 53. Hamre, K., Srivastava, A., Rønnestad, I., Mangor‐Jensen, A., and Stoss, J. (2008). Several micronutrients in the rotifer (Branchionus sp). may not fulfil the nutritional requirements of marine fish larvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14(1), 51-60. 54. Hansen, M. H. (2011). Effects of feeding with copepod nauplii (Acartia tonsa) compared to rotifers (Brachionus ibericus, Cayman) on quality parameters in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae. 55. Hart, P. R., and Purser, G. J. (1995). Effects of salinity and temperature on eggs and yolk sac larvae of the greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina Günther, 1862). Aquaculture, 136(3), 221-230. 56. Hart, P. R., Hutchinson, W. G., and Purser, G. J. (1996). Effects of photoperiod, temperature and salinity on hatchery-reared larvae of the greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina Günther, 1862). Aquaculture, 144(4), 303-311. 57. Heath, P. L., and Moore, C. G. (1997). Rearing dover sole larvae on Tisbe and Artemia diets. Aquaculture International, 5(1), 29- 39. 58. Heemstra, P.C. and Randall, J.E., (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. 59. Helland, S., Terjesen, B. F., and Berg, L. (2003). Free amino acid and protein content in the planktonic copepod Temora longicornis compared to Artemia franciscana. Aquaculture, 215(1), 213-228. 60. Hirai, N., Koiso, M., Teruya, K., Kobayashi, M., Takebe, T., Sato, T., and Hagiwara, A. (2013). Success of seed production of humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus with improvement of spawning induction, feeding, and rearing conditions. In US - Japan Aquaculture Panel Symposium (p. 107). 110 61. Hoff, F., and Snell, T. (2008). Plankton Culture Manual, 6th edition. Florida Aqua Farms. Inc., Dade City, FL. USA 62. Holliday, F. and Blaxter, J. (1960). The effects of salinity on the developing eggs and larvae of the herring. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 39(03), 591-603. 63. Holt, J., Godbout, R. C., and Arnold, C. R. (1981). Effects of temperature and salinity on egg hatching and larval survival of red drum (Sciaenops ocellata). Texas A & M University, Sea Grant College Program. 64. Howell, B. R., Day, O. J., Ellis, T., and Baynes, S. M. (1998). Early life stages of farmed fish. Biology of farmed fish, 1, 27. 65. Hseu, J. R., Hwang, P. P., and Ting, Y. Y. (2004). Morphometric model and laboratory analysis of intracohort cannibalism in giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) fry. Fisheries Science, 70(3), 482-486. 66. Hussain, N. A., and Higuchi, M. (1980). Larval rearing and development of the brown spotted grouper (Epinephelus tauvina Forskål). Aquaculture, 19(4), 339 - 350. 67. Huys, R., and Boxshall, G. A. (1991). Copepod evolution. Ray Society. 68. Imsland, A. K., Foss, A., Gunnarsson, S., Berntssen, M. H., FitzGerald, R., Bonga, S. W., and Stefansson, S. O. (2001). The interaction of temperature and salinity on growth and food conversion in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture, 198(3), 353-367 69. Jagadis, I., Ignatius, B., Kandasamy, D., and Khan, M. A. (2011). Larval rearing trials of the honeycomb grouper (Epinephelus merra Bloch) under laboratory conditions. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 58(4), 33-37. 70. Johnson, D. W., and Katavic, I. (1986). Survival and growth of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae as influenced by temperature, salinity, and delayed initial feeding. Aquaculture, 52(1), 11-19. 71. Jones, A. (1972). Studies on egg development and larval rearing of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L., and brill, Scophthalmus rhombus L., in the laboratory. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,52(04), 965-986. 111 72. Kaji, T., Tanaka, M., Oka, M., Takeuchi, H., Ohsumi, S., Teruya, K., and Hirokawa, J. (1999). Growth and morphological development of laboratory-reared yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) larvae and early juveniles, with special emphasis on the digestive system. Fisheries science, 65(5), 700-707. 73. Kawabe, K. (2000). Fin development and squamation of blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus), reared artificially in the tank. Suisanzoshoku (Japan). 74. Kawabe, K., and Kimura, J. (2008). Improvement of swimbladder inflation rate in blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus) larvae by the use of a skimmer for oily film removal from the water surface. Aquaculture Science (Japan). 75. Kawabe, K., and Kohno, H. (2009). Morphological development of larval and juvenile blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus). Fisheries Science, 75(5), 1239-1251. 76. Kawahara, S., Shams, A. J., Al-bosta, A. A., Mansoor, M. H. and Al-Baqqal, A. A. (1997). Effects of incubation and spawning water temperature and salinity on egg development of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides, Serranidae). Asian Fisheries Science 9: 239-250. 77. Kerber, C. E., Silva, H. K. A., Santos, P., and Sanches, E. (2012). Reproduction and Larviculture of Dusky Grouper (Epinephelus marginatus Lowe 1834) in Brazil. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology B, 2, 229-234. 78. Kinne, O. and Kinne, E. M. (1962). Rates of development in embryos of a cyprinodont fish exposed to different temperature - salinity-oxygen combinations. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 40(2), 231-253. 79. Kiriyakit, A., Gallardo, W. G., and Bart, A. N. (2011). Successful hybridization of groupers (Epinephelus coioides x Epinephelus lanceolatus) using cryopreserved sperm. Aquaculture, 320(1), 106-112. 80. Kitajima, C., Takaya, M., Tsukashima, Y., and Arakawa, T. (1991). Development of eggs, larvae and juveniles of the grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus) reared in the laboratory. Ichthyological Research, 38(1), 47-55. 81. Kleppel, G. S., Hazzard, S. E., and Burkart, C. A. (2005). Maximizing the nutritional values of copepods in aquaculture: managed versus balanced nutrition. Copepods in Aquaculture, 352. 112 82. Knuckey, R. M., Semmens, G. L., Mayer, R. J., and Rimmer, M. A. (2005). Development of an optimal microalgal diet for the culture of the calanoid copepod (Acartia sinjiensis): effect of algal species and feed concentration on copepod development. Aquaculture, 249(1), 339-351. 83. Koh, I. C. C. (2009). Larval development of grouper hybrids (Epinephelus coioides X E. fuscoguttatus and E. coioides X E. lanceolatus). Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 84. Kohno, H., S, Diani, S., and Supriatna, A. (1993). Morphological development of larval and juvenile grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Jpn. J. Ichthyo., 40 (3), 307- 316. 85. Kolkovski, S., Koven, W., and Tandler, A. (1997). The mode of action of Artemia in enhancing utilization of microdiet by gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Aquaculture, 155(1), 193-205. 86. Koven, W., Barr, Y., Lutzky, S., Ben-Atia, I., Weiss, R., Harel, M., and Tandler, A. (2001). The effect of dietary arachidonic acid (20: 4n− 6) on growth, survival and resistance to handling stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Aquaculture, 193(1), 107-122. 87. Kraul, S., Brittain, K., Cantrell, R., Nagao, T., Ogasawara, A., Ako, H., and Kitagawa, H. (1993). Nutritional factors affecting stress resistance in the larval mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,24(2), 186-193. 88. Kreibich, T., Saborowski, R., Hagen, W., and Niehoff, B. (2011). Influence of short-term nutritional variations on digestive enzyme and fatty acid patterns of the calanoid copepod (Temora longicornis). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 407(2), 182-189. 89. Kujawa, R., Mamcarz, A. and Kucharczyk, D. (1997). Effect of temperature on embryonic development of asp (Aspius L.). Polskie Archi-wum hydrobiologii 44: 139- 143. 90. Kusaka, A., Yamaoka, K., Yamada, T., Abe, M., and Kinoshita, I. (2001). Early development of dorsal and pelvic fins and their supports in hatchery-reared red-spotted 113 grouper (Epinephelus akaara) (Perciformes: Serranidae). Ichthyological Research, 48(4), 355-360. 91. Laurence, G. C. and Rogers, C. A. (1976). Effects of temperature and salinity on comparative embryonic development and mortality of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 36: 220-228. 92. Lavens, P., and Sorgeloos, P. (2000). The history, present status and prospects of the availability of Artemia cysts for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 181(3), 397-403. 93. Lazo, J. P. (1999). Development of the digestive system in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae. 94. Lein, I., Holmefjord, I., and Rye, M. (1997). Effects of temperature on yolk sac larvae of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Aquaculture, 157(1), 123-135. 95. Lemus, J. T., Blaylock, R. B., Apeitos, A., and Lotz, J. M. (2010). Short‐term effects of first‐prey type and number on survival and growth of intensively cultured spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus (Sciaenidae), Larvae. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(3), 455-463 96. Leu, M. Y., Liou, C. H., and Fang, L. S. (2005). Embryonic and larval development of the malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) (Pisces: Serranidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85(05), 1249-1254. 97. Leu, M. Y., Liou, C. H., and Fang, L. S. (2005). Embryonic and larval development of the malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) (Pisces: Serranidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85(05), 1249-1254. 98. Leu, M. Y., Liou, C. H., Wang, W. H., Yang, S. D., and Meng, P. J. (2009). Natural spawning, early development and first feeding of the semicircle angelfish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) (Cuvier, 1831) in captivity. Aquaculture Research, 40(9), 1019-1030. 99. Liang, W.-F., Zhang, H.-F., Wang, Y.-X., Huang, G.-G., Huang, P.-W., and Shen, N.-n. (2009). Effect of Several Factors on Motility of Sperm of (Epinephelus lanceolatus). Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 3, 007. 114 100. Liao, I. C., Su, H. M., and Chang, E. Y. (2001). Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture, 200(1), 1-31. 101. Linden, O., Sharp, J. R., Laughlin, R., and Neff, J. M. (1979). Interactive effects of salinity, temperature and chronic exposure to oil on the survival and developmental rate of embryo of the estuarine killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Mar. Biol. 51: 101-109. 102. Lindley, L. C., Phelps, R. P., Davis, D. A., and Cummins, K. A. (2011). Salinity acclimation and free amino acid enrichment of copepod nauplii for first-feeding of larval marine fish. Aquaculture, 318(3), 402-406. 103. Lin, Q., Lu, J., Gao, Y., Shen, L., Cai, J., Luo, J. (2006). The effect of temperature on gonad, embryonic development and survival rate of juvenile seahorses (Hippocampus kuda Bleeker). Aquaculture 254: 701-713. 104. Lin, H. Z., Liu, Y. J., He, J. G., Zheng, W. H., Tian, L. X. (2007). Alternative vegetable lipid sources in diets for grouper (Epinephelus coioides Hamilton): effects on growth, and muscle and liver fatty acid composition. Aquaculture Research, 38(15), 1605-1611. 105. Ling, Z., Wenming, W., Jinliang, L., and Qiuming, L. (2010). Studies on Embryonic Development, Morphological Development and Feed Changeover of Epinephelus lanceolatus Larva [J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 1, 064. 106. Lim, L. (1993). Larviculture of the Greasy Grouper Epinephelus tauvina F. and the Brown‐Marbled Grouper E. fuscoguttatus F. in Singapore. Journal of the world Aquaculture Society, 24(2), 262-274. 107. Liu, G., and Xu, D. (2009). Effects of calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia as a live food on the growth, survival and fatty acid composition of larvae and juveniles of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Journal of Ocean University of China, 8(4), 359-365. 108. Luizi, F. S., Gara, B., Shields, R. J., and Bromage, N. R. (1999). Further description of the development of the digestive organs in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) larvae, with notes on differential absorption of copepod and Artemia prey. Aquaculture, 176(1), 101-116. 115 109. Luo, Z., Liu, Y., Mai, K., Tian, L., Liu, D., and Tan, X. (2004). Optimal dietary protein requirement of grouper (Epinephelus coioides) juveniles fed isoenergetic diets in floating net cages. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10(4), 247-252. 110. Martin, G. B., and Wuenschel, M. J. (2006). Effect of temperature and salinity on otolith element incorporation in juvenile gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 324, 229-239. 111. Martínez‐Lagos, R., and Gracia‐López, V. (2009). Morphological development and growth patterns of the leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea) during larval development. Aquaculture Research, 41(1), 120-128. 112. Masuma, S., Tezuka, N. and Teruya, K., 1993. Embryonic and morphological development of larval and juvenile coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 40, 333 - 342. 113. May, R. C. (1974). Effects of temperature and salinity on yolk utilization in (Bairdiella icistia Jordan & Gilbert) (Pisces: Sciaenidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 16(3), 213-225. 114. Millamena, O. M., 2002. Replacement of fish meal by animal by-product meals in a practical diet for grow-out culture of grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Aquaculture, 204(1), 75-84. 115. Moser, H. G. (1981). Morphological and functional aspects of marine fish larvae. Marine fish larvae. 116. Myoung, J.-G., Kang, C.-B., Yoo, J. M., Lee, E. K., Kim, S., Jeong, C.-H., and Kim, B.-I. (2013). First Record of the Giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae) from Jeju Island, South Korea. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 16(1), 49-52. 117. Navarro, J. C., McEvoy, L. A., Amat, F., and Sargent, J. R. (1995). Effects of diet on fatty acid composition of body zones in larvae of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): a chemometric study. Marine Biology, 124(2), 177-183. 118. Niu, J., Liu, Y.-J., Tian, L.-X., Mai, K.-S., Zhou, Q.-C., Yang, H.-J., and Ye, C.- X., (2007). Maize Oil Can Replace Fish Oil in The Diet of Grouper Postlarvae (Epinephelus coioides) Without Adversely Affecting Growth or Fatty Acid Composition. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 2(2), 81 - 90. 116 119. O'Bryen, P. J., and Lee, C. S. (2005). Culture of copepods and applications to marine finfish larval rearing workshop discussion summary. Copepods in Aquaculture, 245-253 120. Øie, G., Reitan, K. I., Evjemo, J. O., Støttrup, J., and Olsen, Y. (2011). Live feeds. Larval Fish Nutrition, 307-334. 121. Olivotto, I., Holt, S. A., Carnevali, O., and Holt, G. J. (2006). Spawning, early development, and first feeding in the lemonpeel angelfish (Centropyge flavissimus). Aquaculture, 253(1), 270-278. 122. Olivotto, I., Tokle, N. E., Nozzi, V., Cossignani, L., and Carnevali, O. (2010). Preserved copepods as a new technology for the marine ornamental fish aquaculture: A feeding study. Aquaculture, 308(3), 124-131. 123. Paiboon Bunliptanon and Janejit Kongkumnerd (1999), “Hatchery Technology of Grouper in Thailand”, Report of the Apec/Naca Cooperative Grouper Aquaculture Workshop, FWG 01/99, Collaborative APEC Grouper Research and Development Network, Median, Hat Yai, Thailan, 7 – 9 April 1999, APEC, pp. 37 – 44. 124. Payne, M. F., Rippingale, R. J., and Cleary, J. J. (2001). Cultured copepods as food for West Australian fish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) and pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) larvae. Aquaculture, 194(1), 137-150. 125. Pierre, S., Gaillard, S., Prévot‐D'Alvise, N., Aubert, J., Rostaing‐Capaillon, O., Leung‐Tack, D., and Grillasca, J. P. (2008). Grouper aquaculture: Asian success and Mediterranean trials. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(3), 297-308. 126. Polo, A., Yufera, M., and Pascual, E. (1991). Effects of temperature on egg and larval development of (Sparus aurata L). Aquaculture, 92, 367-375. 127. Powell, A. B., and Tucker, J. W. (1992). Egg and larval development of laboratory-reared Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) (Pisces, Serranidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 50(1), 171-185. 128. Rainuzzo, J. R., Reitan, K. I., and Olsen, Y. (1997). The significance of lipids at early stages of marine fish: a review. Aquaculture, 155(1), 103-115. 117 129. Rasem, B. M., James, C. M., Al-Thobaiti, S. A., and Carlos, M. H. (1997). Spawning of the Camouflage Grouper (Epinephelus polyphekadion Bleeker) in the Hypersaline Waters of Saudi Arabia. Asian Fisheries Science, 9, 251-260. 130. Rimmer, M. (2000). Review of grouper hatchery technology. Live reef fish, 15, 14. 131. Rosenlund, G., Stoss, J., and Talbot, C. (1997). Co-feeding marine fish larvae with inert and live diets. Aquaculture, 155(1), 183-191. 132. Russo, T., Boglione, C., De Marzi, P., and Cataudella, S. (2009). Feeding preferences of the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus, Lowe 1834) larvae reared in semi-intensive conditions: A contribution addressing the domestication of this species. Aquaculture, 289(3), 289-296. 133. Salem, A. T., James, C. M. (1996). Developments in grouper culture in Saudi Arabia INFOFISH International 1: 22-29. 134. Sampaio, L. A. and Bianchini, A. (2002). Salinity effects on osmoregulation and growth of the euryhaline flounder (Paralichthys orbignyanus). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 269: 187-196. 135. Santosa, H., and Sukadi. (2008). Marine finfish aquaculture developments at Indonesian Aquaculture 2007. Asia- Pacific Marine Aquaculture Network. January- March, 45-50 pp. 136. Sargent, J., McEvoy, L., Estevez, A., Bell, G., Bell, M., Henderson, J., and Tocher, D. (1999). Lipid nutrition of marine fish during early development: current status and future directions. Aquaculture, 179(1), 217-229. 137. Sawada, Y., Kato, K., Okada, T., Kurata, M., Mukai, Y., Miyashita, S., and Kumai, H. (1999). Growth and morphological development of larval and juvenile (Epinephelus bruneus) (perciformes: Serranidae). Ichthyological Research, 46(3), 245- 257. 138. Schipp, G. R., Bosmans, J. M., and Marshall, A. J. (1999). A method for hatchery culture of tropical calanoid copepods, Acartia spp. Aquaculture,174(1), 81-88. 139. Schultz, L.P. (1966). Addenda, p. 147-165. In: Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 202, 3:1-176. 118 140. Senoo, S., Baidya, A.P., Shapawi, R. and Rahman, R.A. (2002). Observation on eggs of mouse grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) under rearing conditions. Suisanzoshoku, 50, 437 - 438. 141. Shi, Y., Zhang, G., Zhu, Y., and Liu, J. (2010). Effects of photoperiod, temperature, and salinity on growth and survival of obscure puffer (Takifugu obscurus) larvae. Aquaculture, 309(1), 103-108. 142. Shiau, S.-Y., Lan, C.-W. (1996). Optimum dietary protein level and protein to energy ratio for growth of grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus). Aquaculture, 145(1), 259- 266. 143. Shuk Man, C. and Wai Chuen, Ng. (2006). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". IUCN red list of threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 144. Small, B. C. and Bates, T. D. (2001). Effect of low-temperature incubation of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) eggs on development, survival and growth. Journal World Aquaculture Society. 32,189-194. 145. Slamet, B., and Hutapea, J. H. (2005). First successful hatchery production of Napoleon wrasse at Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture, Bali. 146. Southgate, P. C. (2012). Foods and Feeding, In Aquaculture: Farming aquatic animals and plants. John Wiley & Sons. 147. Srivastava, A., Stoss, J., and Hamre, K. (2011). A study on enrichment of the rotifer Brachionus “Cayman” with iodine and selected vitamins. Aquaculture, 319(3), 430-438. 148. Su, H. M., Su, M. S., and Liao, I. C. (1997). Preliminary results of providing various combinations of live foods to grouper (Epinephelus coioides) larvae. Hydrobiologia, 358(1-3), 301-304. 149. Sugama, K., Trijoko, E., Heriadi, S., Ismi, and Kawahara, S. (2000). Breeding and larval rearing of barramundi cod (Cromileptes altivelis) in captivity. In Report of the regional workshop on sustainable sea farming and grouper aquaculture, Medan, Indonesia, 17–20 April 2000, edited by APEC/BOBP/NACA (pp. 55-66). Bangkok,, 119 Thailand: Collaborative APEC Grouper Research and Development Network, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific 150. Sugama, K., Tridjoko, B., Slamet, S. I., Setiadi, E. and Kawahara, S. (2001). Manual for the seed production of humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis). Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture. Central Research Institute for Sea Exploration and Fisherias. 151. Sugama, K., Ismi, S., Kawahara, S., and Rimmer, M. (2003). Improvement of larval rearing technique for Humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis). Aquaculture Asia, 8(3), 34-37. 152. Sugama, K., Ismi, S., Setiawati, K. M., Rimmer, M. A., McBride, S., and Williams, K. C. (2004). Effect of water temperature on growth, survival and feeding rate of humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) larvae. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES, 110, 61-66. 153. Swanson, C. (1996). Early development of milkfish: effects of salinity on embryonic and larval metabolism, yolk absorption and growth. Journal of Fish Biology, 48(3): 405-421. 154. Tanaka, M. (1971). Studies on the structure and function of the digestive system in teleost larvae III. Development of the digestive system during postlarval stage. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 18(4), 164-174. 155. Tanaka, Y., Sakakura, Y., Chuda, Y., Hagiwara, A., and Yasumoto, S. (2005). Food selectivity of seven-band grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus) larvae fed different sizes of rotifers. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 71, 911–916. 156. Tandler, A., Anav, F. A., and Choshniak, I. (1995). The effect of salinity on growth rate, survival and swimbladder inflation in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), larvae. Aquaculture, 135(4), 343-353. 157. Tew, K. S., Meng, P. J., Lin, H. S., Chen, J. H., and Leu, M. Y. (2013). Experimental evaluation of inorganic fertilization in larval giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus Bloch) production. Aquaculture Research, 44(3), 439-450. 120 158. Toledo, J. D., Golez, M. S., Doi, M., and Ohno, A. (1999). Use of copepod nauplii during early feeding stage of grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Fisheries Science,65(3), 390-397. 159. Toledo, J. D., Caberoy, N. B., Quinitio, G. F., Choresca, C. H., and Nakagawa, H. (2002). Effects of salinity, aeration and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, growth and survival of early‐stage grouper (Epinephelus coioides) larvae. Fisheries science, 68(3), 478-483. 160. Toledo, J. D., Caberoy, N. B., Quinitio, G. F., Rimmer, M. A., McBride, S. and Williams, K. C. (2004). Environmental factors affecting embryonic development, hatching and survival of early stage larvae of the grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Advances in grouper aquaculture, 10-16. 161. Tseng, W. Y. and Ho, S. (1988). The biology and culture of red grouper 162. Tsujigado, A. and Lin, W.T., (1982). Spawning ecology, egg development and larvae of Epinephelus fario (Thunberg). Bulletin of Mie-Owase Fisheries Experimental Station, 1980, 29 - 34. 163. Van der Meeren, T., Olsen, R. E., Hamre, K., and Fyhn, H. J. (2008). Biochemical composition of copepods for evaluation of feed quality in production of juvenile marine fish. Aquaculture, 274(2), 375-397. 164. Vatanakul, V., Kongkumnerd, J., Rojanapitayakul, S., Yashiro, R., and Panichasuke, P. (1999). Broodstock development of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). 165. Ukawa, M., and Higuchi, M. (1966). Spawning habits and early life history of a serranid fish (Epinephelus akaara) (Temminck et Schlegel). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 13(4-6), 156-161. 166. Walsh, W. A., Swanson, C., and Lee, C. S. (1991). Effects of development, temperature and salinity on metabolism in eggs and yolk‐sac larvae of milkfish (Chanos chanos) (Forsskål). Journal of fish biology, 39(1), 115-125. 167. Wang, Y., Guo, Q., Zhao, H., Liu, H., and Lu, W. (2015). Larval development and salinity tolerance of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) from hatching to juvenile settlement. Aquaculture Research, 46(8), 1878-1890. 121 168. Watanabe, W. O., Ellis, S. C., Ellis, E. P., Lopez, V. G., Bass, P., Ginoza, J., and Moriwake, A. (1996). Evaluation of first‐feeding regimens for larval nassau grouper (Epinephelus straitus) and Preliminary, Pilot‐Scale Culture through Metamorphosis. Journal of the world Aquaculture Society, 27(3), 323-331. 169. Wuenschel, M. J., Jugovich, A. R., and Hare, J. A. (2004). Effect of temperature and salinity on the energetics of juvenile gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus): implications for nursery habitat value. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 312(2), 333-347. 170. Wullur, S., Sakakura, Y., and Hagiwara, A. (2009). The minute monogonont rotifer (Proales similis de Beauchamp): Culture and feeding to small mouth marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 293(1), 62-67. 171. Wullur, S., Sakakura, Y., and Hagiwara, A. (2011). Application of the minute monogonont rotifer (Proales similis de Beauchamp) in larval rearing of seven-band grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus). Aquaculture, 315(3), 355-360. 172. Yamaoka, K., Nanbu, T., Miyagawa, M., Isshiki, T., and Kusaka, A. (2000). Water surface tension-related deaths in prelarval red-spotted grouper. Aquaculture,189(1), 165-176. 173. Yang, Z. and Chen, Y. (2005). Effect of temperature on incubation period and hatching success of obscure puffer (Takifugu obscurus Abe) eggs. Aquaculture, 246(1), 173-179. 174. Yeh, S. P., Shiu, P. J., Guei, W. C., Lin, Y. H., and Liu, C. H. (2013). Improvement in lipid metabolism and stress tolerance of juvenile giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus Bloch), fed supplemental choline. Aquaculture Research. 175. Yoseda, K., Dan, S., Sugaya, T., Yokogi, K., Tanaka, M., and Tawada, S. (2006). Effects of temperature and delayed initial feeding on the growth of Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) larvae. Aquaculture, 256(1), 192-200. 176. Yúfera, M., and Darias, M. J. (2007). The onset of exogenous feeding in marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 268(1), 53-63. 122 177. Zhang, H.-F., Wang, Y.-X., Liufu, Y.-Z., Huang, G.-G., Ou, C.-H., Huang, P.-W., and Liang, W.F. (2008). Studies on Artificial Propagation and Embryonic Development of Epinephelus lanceolatus [J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 4, 009. 1 Phụ Lục 1. Ảnh hƣởng của nhiệt độ và độ mặn đến quá trình phát triển của phôi Anova: Single Factor Nhiệt độ - Thời gian nở (phút) SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 25,0±0,5 3 117.9 39.3 20.41 28,0±0,5 3 67.4 22.47 5.84 31,0±0,5 3 55.2 18.4 4.69 34,0±0,5 3 49.2 16.4 4.09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 976.4425 3 325.4808333 37.16241675 4.81075E-05 4.066180557 Within Groups 70.06666667 8 8.758333333 Total 1046.509167 11 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Nhiệt độ - Thời gian ấp (phút) SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 25,0±0,5 3 3287.1 1095.7 32.67 28,0±0,5 3 3152.1 1050.7 71.47 31,0±0,5 3 3061.8 1020.6 85.41 34,0±0,5 3 3031.2 1010.4 66.43 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 13181 3 4393.81 68.65864521 4.73592E-06 4.066180557 Within Groups 511.96 8 63.995 Total 13693 11 significant difference 2 Anova: Single Factor Nhiệt độ - Tỷ lệ nở (%) SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 25,0±0,5 3 97.87050429 32.62350143 4.0708614 28,0±0,5 3 158.1573091 52.71910304 1.9410792 31,0±0,5 3 152.8446114 50.94820379 1.795801 34,0±0,5 3 103.4932721 34.49775735 7.6558023 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1011.6836 3 337.2278668 87.231716 1.8826E-06 4.066181 Within Groups 30.9270879 8 3.865885988 Total 1042.610688 11 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Nhiệt độ - Tỷ lệ ấu trùng dị hình (%) SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 25,0±0,5 3 34.369 11.456 8.355 28,0±0,5 3 27.214 9.071 0.734 31,0±0,5 3 56.105 18.702 1.178 34,0±0,5 3 240.095 80.032 28.361 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 10237.69725 3 3412.56575 353.38292 7.7202E-09 4.066181 Within Groups 77.25479786 8 9.656849733 Total 10314.95205 11 significant difference 3 Anova: Single Factor độ mặn - Thời gian ấp (phút) SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 24±0,5 3 3038.1 1012.7 43.81 28±0,5 3 3092.4 1030.8 56.77 32±0,5 3 3062.8 1020.933333 66.34333333 35±0,5 3 3045 1015 54.61 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 587.1625 3 195.7208333 3.533930184 0.068089658 4.066180557 Within Groups 443.0666667 8 55.38333333 Total 1030.229167 11 not significant difference Anova: Single Factor độ mặn - Thời gian nở (phút) SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 24±0,5 3 146.4 48.8 3.43 28±0,5 3 147.9 49.3 4.41 32±0,5 3 149.1 49.7 6.24 35±0,5 3 150.2 50.06666667 6.303333333 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 2.66 3 0.886666667 0.173998365 0.91101154 4.066180557 Within Groups 40.76666667 8 5.095833333 Total 43.42666667 11 not significant difference 4 Anova: Single Factor độ mặn - Tỷ lệ nở (%) SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 24±0,5 3 71.39806544 23.79935515 3.6292305 28±0,5 3 111.4856533 37.16188444 1.79846604 32±0,5 3 157.6237463 52.54124876 2.03723034 35±0,5 3 150.9184057 50.30613524 2.17138105 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1591.166203 3 530.3887343 220.162634 5.02339E-08 4.066180557 Within Groups 19.27261587 8 2.409076984 Total 1610.438819 11 significant difference Anova: Single Factor độ mặn -Tỷ lệ ấu trùng dị hình (%) SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 24±0,5 3 5.008951223 1.669650408 0.0184013 28±0,5 3 3.971588465 1.323862822 0.0710808 32±0,5 3 3.891200525 1.297066842 0.0264264 35±0,5 3 3.79523616 1.26507872 0.0493637 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.32044699 3 0.106815663 2.585205 0.1257581 4.0661806 Within Groups 0.330544555 8 0.041318069 Total 0.650991545 11 Not significant difference 5 2. Ảnh hƣởng của nhiệt độ và độ mặn đến cá Song vua giai đoạn ấu trùng Anova: Single Factor Nhiệt độ - kích thước - 20 ngày tuổi SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance ĐC 30 302.8 10.09333333 0.461333333 25 30 236.6 7.886666667 0.894298851 28 30 333.2 11.10666667 0.594436782 31 30 374.5 12.48333333 0.791781609 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 337.5095833 3 112.5031944 164.1273897 1.40675E-41 2.682809415 Within Groups 79.51366667 116 0.685462644 Total 417.02325 119 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Nhiệt độ - kích thước - Thời điểm biến thái SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance ĐC 30 1068.1 35.6 8.10654023 25 30 1017 33.9 11.97931034 28 30 1092 36.4 2.756551724 31 30 1035 34.5 1.785517241 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 112.30025 3 37.43341667 2.682809415 0.070274809 6.079834166 Within Groups 714.2096667 116 6.156979885 Total 826.5099167 119 not significant difference 6 Anova: Single Factor Độ mặn (ppt)- kích thước -20 ngày tuổi SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 24 30 307.8 10.26 0.715586207 28 30 341.6 11.38666667 0.523264368 32 30 316.2 10.54 0.833517241 35 30 277.7 9.256666667 0.785298851 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 69.4135833 3 3 23.13786111 32.38706793 2.7808E- 15 2.682809415 Within Groups 82.8723333 3 116 0.714416667 Total 152.285916 7 119 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Độ mặn (ppt) - kích thước -Thời điểm biến thái SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 24 30 1088.9 36.29667 6.462402 28 30 1101.1 36.70333 13.42723 32 30 1074.1 35.80333 5.040333 35 30 1068 35.6 8.346207 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 22.22092 3 7.406972 0.890363 0.448425 2.682809 Within Groups 965.009 116 8.319043 Total 987.2299 119 not significant difference 7 Anova: Single Factor nhiệt độ -20 DAH - Tỷ lệ sống SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance ĐC (25 - 26.5) 3 6.472271 2.157424 0.053284 25 3 4.658075 1.552692 0.073723 28 3 9.395866 3.131955 0.011283 31 3 8.264413 2.754804 0.03158 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 4.315251 3 1.438417 33.87093 6.78E-05 4.066181 Within Groups 0.339741 8 0.042468 Total 4.654992 11 significant difference Anova: Single Factor nhiệt độ - biến thái- Tỷ lệ sống SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance ĐC 3 4.415843 1.471948 0.010056 25 3 3.181718 1.060573 0.012779 28 3 6.185091 2.061697 0.014109 31 3 5.515208 1.838403 0.030413 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1.73134 3 0.577113 34.27229 6.49E-05 4.066181 Within Groups 0.134712 8 0.016839 Total 1.866052 11 significant difference 8 Anova: Single Factor Độ mặn -20 DAH - Tỷ lệ sống SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 24 3 5.30220336 1.767401 0.149439926 28 3 9.58964982 3.19655 0.018102713 32 3 9.98401449 3.328005 0.006575769 35 3 7.48884285 2.496281 0.022872129 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 4.65647833 3 1.552159 31.51744164 8.82421E-05 4.066180557 Within Groups 0.39398108 8 0.049248 Total 5.0504594 11 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Độ mặn -biến thái - Tỷ lệ sống SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance 24 3 4.75984766 1.586616 0.003975045 28 3 7.02910712 2.343036 0.005275521 32 3 7.39615504 2.465385 0.002815109 35 3 5.42460593 1.808202 0.015608423 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1.5948094 3 0.531603 76.83764712 3.07259E-06 4.066180557 Within Groups 0.05534819 8 0.006919 Total 1.65015759 11 significant difference 9 3. Ảnh hƣởng của thức ăn đến ấu trùng cá Song vua 2 -9 ngày tuổi Anova: Single Factor kích thước - 2DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT1 30 70.88 2.362666667 0.003689 CT2 30 70.89 2.363 0.006311 CT3 30 70.9 2.363333333 0.002499 Không cho ăn 24 56.62 2.359166667 0.087886 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.000285088 3 9.50292E-05 0.004385 0.999598 2.687139 Within Groups 2.383866667 110 0.021671515 Total 2.384151754 113 not significant difference Anova: Single Factor kích thước -6DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT1 30 106.12 3.537333333 0.007847816 CT2 30 104.25 3.475 0.011384483 CT3 30 105.56 3.518666667 0.005984368 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.061406667 2 0.030703333 3.601295757 0.029972977 3.152742895 Within Groups 0.731283333 87 0.008405556 Total 0.79269 89 significant difference 10 Anova: Single Factor kích thước - 9DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT1 30 119.29 3.976333333 0.133686092 CT2 30 120.32 4.010666667 0.032047816 CT3 30 126.21 4.207 0.008718276 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.929326667 2 0.464663333 7.990670961 0.000651765 3.101295757 Within Groups 5.059113333 87 0.058150728 Total 5.98844 89 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 2 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT1 3 26.92186 8.973953 0.00224 CT2 3 27.0713 9.023767 0.007452 CT3 3 26.97037 8.990125 0.016487 Không cho ăn 3 27.17545 9.058485 0.015775 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.012674 3 0.004225 0.402805 0.755047 4.066181 Within Groups 0.083905 8 0.010488 Total 0.096579 11 not significant difference 11 Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 6 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT1 3 103.4253 34.47509 3.512695 CT2 3 80.09424 26.69808 1.133275 CT3 3 45.96782 15.32261 4.793981 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 556.7009 2 278.3505 88.45929 3.53E-05 5.143253 Within Groups 18.8799 6 3.14665 Total 575.5808 8 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 9 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT1 3 12.78306 4.26102 0.115557 CT2 3 10.96268 3.654227 0.019935 CT3 3 7.43768 2.479227 0.080153 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 4.923613604 2 2.461807 34.24801 0.000522 5.14325285 Within Groups 0.431290505 6 0.071882 Total 5.354904108 8 significant difference 12 4. Ảnh hƣởng của thức ăn đến ấu trùng cá Song vua 10 -21 ngày tuổi Anova: Single Factor Total length 15 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT4 30 216.58 7.219333 0.080372 CT5 30 190.78 6.359333 0.098372 CT6 30 205.53 6.851 0.036251 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 11.17006 2 5.585028 77.93258 4.03E-20 3.101296 Within Groups 6.234843 87 0.071665 Total 17.4049 89 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Total length 21 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT4 30 370.09 12.33633333 0.254092989 CT5 30 307.39 10.24633333 0.255086092 CT6 30 338.43 11.281 0.057616207 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 65.52363556 2 32.76181778 173.4055585 4.43106E-31 3.101295757 Within Groups 16.43706333 87 0.188931762 Total 81.96069889 89 significant difference 13 Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 15 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT4 4 259.9095 64.97737 3.988116 CT5 4 222.5278 55.63195 1.001169 CT6 4 238.7819 59.69549 3.328604 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 175.6634 2 87.8317 31.67812 8.44E-05 4.256495 Within Groups 24.95367 9 2.77263 Total 200.6171 11 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 21 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT4 4 242.98 60.74500137 5.60057 CT5 4 214.3429 53.58572793 5.362232 CT6 4 232.4467 58.11168512 1.815861 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 104.8985 2 52.44922608 12.31331 0.002655 4.256495 Within Groups 38.33599 9 4.259554383 Total 143.2344 11 significant difference 14 5. Ảnh hƣởng của thức ăn đến ấu trùng cá Song vua 22 - 42 ngày tuổi Anova: Single Factor Total length 42 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT7 30 1089 36.3 53.18275862 CT8 30 1064 35.46666667 16.53333333 CT9 30 1278 42.6 6.455172414 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 912.6888889 2 456.3444444 17.97309451 2.9274E-07 3.101295757 Within Groups 2208.966667 87 25.39042146 Total 3121.655556 89 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 27 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT7 4 291.6898 72.92245 1.381776 CT8 4 276.7925 69.19812 8.162231 CT9 4 225.9991 56.49978 1.306738 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 593.0969 2 296.5484 81.98933 1.67E-06 4.256495 Within Groups 32.55223 9 3.616915 Total 625.6491 11 significant difference 15 Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 32 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT7 4 270.9039 67.72597 6.575545 CT8 4 241.36 60.34 3.196157 CT9 4 100.6135 25.15337 5.741974 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 4140.104 2 2070.052 400.3021 1.61E-09 4.256495 Within Groups 46.54103 9 5.171225 Total 4186.645 11 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 37 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT7 4 201.7106 50.42766 3.789500669 CT8 4 223.999 55.99976 6.847267691 CT9 4 76.60099 19.15025 2.144343653 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 3156.282 2 1578.141 370.4234006 2.27E-09 4.256495 Within Groups 38.34334 9 4.260371 Total 3194.625 11 significant difference 16 Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 42 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT7 4 148.3512748 37.08782 12.84853 CT8 4 213.748935 53.43723 6.117671 CT9 4 63.23362139 15.80841 5.405149 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 2848.061 2 1424.03 175.2916 6.21E-08 4.256495 Within Groups 73.11404 9 8.123782 Total 2921.175 11 significant difference 6. Ảnh hưởng của thức ăn đến ấu trùng cá Song vua 42 - 84 ngày tuổi Anova: Single Factor Total length 84 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT10 30 2256 75.2 18.23448276 CT11 30 3597 119.9 21.12758621 CT12 30 3358 111.9333333 59.51264368 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 34108.95556 2 17054.47778 517.4572139 4.96408E-49 3.101295757 Within Groups 2867.366667 87 32.95823755 Total 36976.32222 89 significant difference 17 Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 53 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT10 4 38.46669 9.616673 0.026135 CT11 4 39.03591 9.758978 0.016469 CT12 4 38.67664 9.669161 0.009762 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.04143 2 0.020715 1.186742 0.348795 4.256495 Within Groups 0.157099 9 0.017455 Total 0.19853 11 not significant difference Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 63 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT10 4 37.24431 9.311079 0.071752 CT11 4 38.09832 9.52458 0.043174 CT12 4 37.56982 9.392456 0.042354 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.092882 2 0.046441 0.885831 0.445471 4.256495 Within Groups 0.471839 9 0.052427 Total 0.564722 11 not significant difference 18 Anova: Single Factor Survival rate - 73 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT10 4 35.49454 8.873634 0.01149211 CT11 4 36.92525 9.231312 0.043849233 CT12 4 36.05436 9.013591 0.006911836 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.259898 2 0.129949 6.262281563 0.019765 4.256495 Within Groups 0.18676 9 0.020751 Total 0.446657 11 significant difference Anova: Single Factor Survival rate -84 DAH SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance CT10 4 35.15332 8.788331 0.020327 CT11 4 36.70787 9.176967 0.044371 CT12 4 35.43488 8.858719 0.0308 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.343032656 2 0.171516 5.388056 0.028937 4.256495 Within Groups 0.286494248 9 0.031833 Total 0.629526904 11 significant difference

Các file đính kèm theo tài liệu này:

  • pdfluan_an_nghien_cuu_mot_so_dac_diem_sinh_hoc_ca_song_vua_epin.pdf