Luận văn Khai thác yếu tố nơi chốn nhằm tạo lập bản sắc đô thị

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC XÂY DỰNG Luận án tiến sĩ kiến trúc chuyên ngành Qui hoạch đô thị và nông thôn. Chương 1: Tổng quan về khái niệm yếu tố nơi chốn trong tổ chức không gian đô thị Chương 2: Các luận cứ khoa học để nhận diện và khai thác yếu tố nơi chốn trong việc tạo dựng bản sắc không gian đô thị Chương 3: Kết quả nghiên cứu - Những đề xuất Kết luận và kiến nghị Tài liệu tham khảo Phụ lục

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Christopher Mc Carthy Guy Battle 3KҥP0LQKĈӭFGӏFK (1994), ³/êOXұQWURQJ tKӵFWLӉQ´, 7̩SFKt.L͇QWU~F, (48), Tr. 40 2. 1JX\ӉQ6LQK'X\ (2000), ³/DLOӏFKPӝWWKjQKSKӕ´, 7̩SFKt.KRDK͕F 3KiWWUL͋Q (2000), Tr.150 3. %L+ҧLĈăQJ (2006), ³BѭӟFÿҫu tìm hiӇu khái niӋm "Bҧn sҳc cӝQJÿӗng"´, 7̵S san .KRDK͕F[mK͡L QKkQYăQ, (37). 4. /kP1JӳĈѭӡQJ (2001), 7UXQJ+RDÿ̭WQ˱ͣFFRQQJ˱ͥL, Nxb 9ăQKyDWK{QJWLQ +j1ӝLTr.473-484 5. Ĉӛ7ULQK+XӋ 2000), 9ăQKyDWtQQJ˱ͩQJJLDÿuQK9L͏W1DPTXDQKmQTXDQK͕F JL̫/&DGLqUH1[E7KXұQ+yD+XӃ7U-114. 6. 7UҫQ+QJ 2006), ³1KӳQJEѭӟFNKӣLÿҫXFӫD4X\KRҥFK7Kӫÿ{´, .L͇QWU~F9L͏W Nam, (8), Tr.14 7. François Julien (2005), %jQY͉FKͷ7KͥL1[EĈj1ҹQJ Ĉj1ҹQJ Tr.19-31 8. +RjQJĈҥR.tQK 2001), ³1KӳQJEjLYLӃWYӅ4XӻNLӃQWU~Fÿ{WKӏ´, 7̩SFKt.L͇Q trúc, (16), Tr.60 9. +RjQJĈҥR.tQK 2003), ³1KұQUDYjJLӳOҩ\QKӳQJFiLGX\QKҩWFӫDGLVҧQNLӃQ WU~F+XӃ´, 7̩SFKt.L͇QWU~F, (18), Tr.66 10. Doãn Minh Khôi (2003), ³1KӳQJEjLYLӃWYӅ+uQKWKiLKӑFÿ{WKӏ´, 7̩SFKt.L͇Q WU~F9L͏W1DP, (16). 11. 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