Luận án Thể chế, năng suất yếu tố tổng hợp và tăng trưởng kinh tế: nghiên cứu các quốc gia đang phát triển

5759 -2.36 0.019 -.500938 -.045375 tfp tfp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(8, 307) = 6.57 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 30 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 21 Group variable: id Number of obs = 315 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 195 - Kết quả ước lượng mẫu 18 quốc gia thu nhập cao (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(17) = 9.06 Prob > chi2 = 0.938 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -1.44 Pr > z = 0.150 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -2.94 Pr > z = 0.003 L.open GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L3.ins3) D.(L.tfp L2.ins1 L2.tinv L4.gexp L3.labo L.inf L2.tele L.fdi debt urb Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0596313 .1159423 -0.51 0.607 -.2880067 .1687441 inf -.4823063 .167428 -2.88 0.004 -.812095 -.1525176 open .0733769 .0783508 0.94 0.350 -.0809534 .2277071 labo .5190055 .493045 1.05 0.294 -.4521619 1.490173 gexp -1.357687 .2973089 -4.57 0.000 -1.943306 -.7720673 tinv -1.036493 .2495806 -4.15 0.000 -1.528101 -.5448858 ins1 14.63506 6.456766 2.27 0.024 1.916947 27.35317 L1. -.2349526 .0963967 -2.44 0.016 -.4248285 -.0450767 tfp tfp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 14 F(8, 244) = 9.06 avg = 14.00 Number of instruments = 25 Obs per group: min = 14 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 252 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 196 (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(21) = 29.23 Prob > chi2 = 0.109 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -1.61 Pr > z = 0.108 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -1.34 Pr > z = 0.180 L.L3.ins2 GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L3.ins4 L.ins5 t_ins3 t_ins4) D.(L2.tfp L3.tinv L.gexp L3.labo L.trev L.open L2.inf L2.tele fdi ins3 Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele .3019183 .0932117 3.24 0.001 .118379 .4854577 inf -.4508076 .147529 -3.06 0.002 -.7413009 -.1603143 open .2556162 .0839578 3.04 0.003 .0902984 .4209341 labo -.5541415 .4378343 -1.27 0.207 -1.416264 .3079804 gexp -.7029457 .2639924 -2.66 0.008 -1.222762 -.1831289 tinv -.3680226 .2637133 -1.40 0.164 -.8872898 .1512445 ins2 20.18475 11.28249 1.79 0.075 -2.031146 42.40065 L1. -.2053847 .1860735 -1.10 0.271 -.5717745 .1610051 tfp tfp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(8, 262) = 3.67 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 29 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 270 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(17) = 12.36 Prob > chi2 = 0.778 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -1.60 Pr > z = 0.109 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -3.17 Pr > z = 0.002 L.L2.open GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L.t_ins4) D.(L.tfp L.ins3 L3.tinv L2.gexp L.labo inf L4.tele L.ins5 ins6 L.t_ins2 Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.1812068 .1588368 -1.14 0.255 -.4940729 .1316594 inf -.3503594 .1068603 -3.28 0.001 -.5608458 -.1398731 open -.0252465 .0874579 -0.29 0.773 -.1975152 .1470223 labo 1.300018 .5474374 2.37 0.018 .2217119 2.378324 gexp -1.658474 .3461025 -4.79 0.000 -2.340204 -.976744 tinv -1.141084 .2582444 -4.42 0.000 -1.649756 -.6324108 ins3 12.55297 5.730232 2.19 0.029 1.265941 23.84 L1. -.1476615 .1053322 -1.40 0.162 -.3551379 .0598149 tfp tfp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 14 F(8, 244) = 7.21 avg = 14.00 Number of instruments = 25 Obs per group: min = 14 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 252 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 197 (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(18) = 13.29 Prob > chi2 = 0.774 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -1.02 Pr > z = 0.309 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -2.79 Pr > z = 0.005 L.L4.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) ins3 L.t_ins6) D.(L.tfp L2.ins4 L2.tinv gexp L2.trev L.open L.inf L.tele L2.debt L.ins1 Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele .0777033 .0644845 1.20 0.229 -.0492327 .2046393 inf -.5969159 .1419202 -4.21 0.000 -.876282 -.3175498 open .4476477 .0779561 5.74 0.000 .2941932 .6011022 labo -1.902709 .4994119 -3.81 0.000 -2.885788 -.9196305 gexp -.4462255 .1177263 -3.79 0.000 -.6779666 -.2144844 tinv -.4733253 .2143028 -2.21 0.028 -.8951745 -.0514761 ins4 13.08301 6.899318 1.90 0.059 -.4981116 26.66412 L1. -.3879499 .0979056 -3.96 0.000 -.5806744 -.1952254 tfp tfp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(8, 280) = 10.82 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 26 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 288 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(17) = 19.39 Prob > chi2 = 0.307 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -1.63 Pr > z = 0.104 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -2.72 Pr > z = 0.007 L.gdp GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) D.(L2.tfp ins5 L3.tinv L.gexp L2.labo L.trev L.open L2.inf tele L.ins3) Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele .0008094 .0441883 0.02 0.985 -.0862 .0878188 inf -.5695479 .1456718 -3.91 0.000 -.8563843 -.2827114 open .1942833 .0556158 3.49 0.001 .0847725 .303794 labo -.3545894 .376423 -0.94 0.347 -1.095789 .3866101 gexp -.8828619 .1593848 -5.54 0.000 -1.1967 -.5690237 tinv -.8147584 .2110945 -3.86 0.000 -1.230416 -.3991006 ins5 1.626197 3.393196 0.48 0.632 -5.055209 8.307602 L1. -.0244505 .1244806 -0.20 0.844 -.2695603 .2206593 tfp tfp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(8, 262) = 12.65 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 25 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 270 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 198 (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(17) = 23.91 Prob > chi2 = 0.122 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -1.57 Pr > z = 0.116 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -0.82 Pr > z = 0.411 L.L.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) D.(L.tfp L.ins6 tinv L.gexp L2.open inf L4.tele L.debt L.ins2 ins4 t_ins4) Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0942003 .1312496 -0.72 0.474 -.3527271 .1643265 inf -.4444345 .0749217 -5.93 0.000 -.5920103 -.2968588 open .430721 .0866942 4.97 0.000 .2599566 .6014855 labo -1.343756 .601806 -2.23 0.026 -2.529154 -.1583585 gexp -.6568529 .2417715 -2.72 0.007 -1.133078 -.1806275 tinv -.2012459 .1081244 -1.86 0.064 -.4142223 .0117305 ins6 19.71775 8.092663 2.44 0.016 3.777357 35.65814 L1. -.3280072 .0802524 -4.09 0.000 -.486083 -.1699313 tfp tfp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 14 F(8, 244) = 14.91 avg = 14.00 Number of instruments = 25 Obs per group: min = 14 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 252 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 199 * Các kết quả của mô hình 2 với biến phụ thuộc ΔGDP - Kết quả ước lượng mẫu gộp 71 quốc gia: (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(22) = 25.96 Prob > chi2 = 0.253 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -0.42 Pr > z = 0.673 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -4.00 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L2.fdi ins2 L.ins3 L.ins4 L.ins5 L.ins6 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L.ins1 t_ins1 tinv gexp L2.trev L.open L.inf L2.tele Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.054507 .0199622 -2.73 0.006 -.0936743 -.0153398 inf .090315 .0346878 2.60 0.009 .022255 .158375 open .1056957 .037297 2.83 0.005 .0325162 .1788751 labo 2.308622 .5458286 4.23 0.000 1.237667 3.379578 gexp -.0056431 .0519636 -0.11 0.914 -.1075994 .0963132 tinv .1660253 .0402341 4.13 0.000 .0870831 .2449675 t_ins1 .2624659 .0923421 2.84 0.005 .0812838 .4436479 ins1 4.861309 2.458703 1.98 0.048 .0371532 9.685464 tfp 1.02217 .1390565 7.35 0.000 .749331 1.295009 L1. -.1665629 .0442955 -3.76 0.000 -.2534739 -.0796519 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 1126) = 140.46 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 32 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 71 Group variable: id Number of obs = 1136 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 200 (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(23) = 29.44 Prob > chi2 = 0.166 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -0.29 Pr > z = 0.771 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -3.99 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L2.debt L.ins1 L2.ins3 L.ins4 L2.ins5 L.ins6 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp ins2 t_ins2 tinv L.gexp trev L.open L.inf L2.tele L2.fdi Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0507269 .0195505 -2.59 0.010 -.0890863 -.0123674 inf .0735064 .0314218 2.34 0.019 .0118546 .1351583 open .1328619 .0326466 4.07 0.000 .0688068 .196917 labo 2.174341 .5265882 4.13 0.000 1.141137 3.207545 gexp -.0705608 .1069124 -0.66 0.509 -.2803307 .1392091 tinv .1764702 .0394142 4.48 0.000 .0991368 .2538037 t_ins2 .1622922 .067966 2.39 0.017 .028938 .2956464 ins2 1.691427 .986862 1.71 0.087 -.2448682 3.627722 tfp .935932 .1099782 8.51 0.000 .7201467 1.151717 L1. -.1673483 .0392468 -4.26 0.000 -.2443533 -.0903433 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 1126) = 151.71 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 33 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 71 Group variable: id Number of obs = 1136 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(21) = 28.23 Prob > chi2 = 0.134 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -1.48 Pr > z = 0.139 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -4.01 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L.ins1 ins4 L.ins5 L.ins6 L.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L.ins3 t_ins3 tinv gexp trev L.open L.inf L.tele L2.debt Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.037679 .0205283 -1.84 0.067 -.077957 .0025989 inf .1156001 .0397907 2.91 0.004 .0375277 .1936724 open .1136164 .0370434 3.07 0.002 .0409345 .1862984 labo 2.148119 .5992762 3.58 0.000 .9722957 3.323943 gexp .0082519 .0563956 0.15 0.884 -.1024005 .1189042 tinv .1327664 .0452488 2.93 0.003 .0439849 .2215479 t_ins3 .1369967 .0637303 2.15 0.032 .0119531 .2620402 ins3 5.121169 2.518992 2.03 0.042 .1787233 10.06362 tfp 1.01736 .1353215 7.52 0.000 .7518497 1.282871 L1. -.1537037 .0473164 -3.25 0.001 -.2465418 -.0608656 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 1126) = 129.00 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 31 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 71 Group variable: id Number of obs = 1136 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 201 (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(22) = 28.13 Prob > chi2 = 0.171 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.09 Pr > z = 0.929 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -4.65 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L.ins1 L.ins2 L.ins3 ins5 ins6 L.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp ins4 t_ins4 tinv gexp L.trev L.open L.inf L3.tele L.fdi Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0408764 .0208487 -1.96 0.050 -.0817861 .0000333 inf .0613213 .0289333 2.12 0.034 .004548 .1180946 open .1350857 .034024 3.97 0.000 .0683233 .2018482 labo 1.78065 .5447917 3.27 0.001 .7116514 2.849648 gexp -.0531382 .0526153 -1.01 0.313 -.1563807 .0501044 tinv .1416007 .0395003 3.58 0.000 .0640925 .2191089 t_ins4 .0875903 .0528585 1.66 0.098 -.0161294 .19131 ins4 1.575737 .9050628 1.74 0.082 -.2001913 3.351664 tfp .9338657 .1196162 7.81 0.000 .699153 1.168578 L1. -.1348365 .0447534 -3.01 0.003 -.2226524 -.0470207 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(10, 1055) = 152.76 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 32 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 71 Group variable: id Number of obs = 1065 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(22) = 27.93 Prob > chi2 = 0.178 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -0.04 Pr > z = 0.971 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -4.01 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L3.debt L.ins1 L.ins2 L.ins3 L.ins4 L.ins6 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L3.ins5 t_ins5 tinv gexp L2.trev L.open L.inf L.tele Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0368646 .0173793 -2.12 0.034 -.0709665 -.0027626 inf .0728877 .028689 2.54 0.011 .0165936 .1291817 open .1626525 .035204 4.62 0.000 .0935747 .2317304 labo 2.036175 .4684829 4.35 0.000 1.11691 2.955439 gexp -.0489364 .0499233 -0.98 0.327 -.1468966 .0490239 tinv .1188599 .0424561 2.80 0.005 .035552 .2021678 t_ins5 .1527439 .0778537 1.96 0.050 -.0000219 .3055097 ins5 7.133912 3.676361 1.94 0.053 -.0798989 14.34772 tfp .8861807 .1245148 7.12 0.000 .6418558 1.130506 L1. -.1721843 .0397764 -4.33 0.000 -.2502342 -.0941344 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(10, 1055) = 147.71 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 32 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 71 Group variable: id Number of obs = 1065 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 202 (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(18) = 9.99 Prob > chi2 = 0.932 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -0.75 Pr > z = 0.454 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -6.00 Pr > z = 0.000 L.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L3.debt L.ins3 ins5) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L.ins6 t_ins6 L2.tinv L2.gexp trev L2.open inf L4.tele fdi Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0436616 .0254458 -1.72 0.087 -.0935959 .0062727 inf -.0070348 .0249976 -0.28 0.778 -.0560896 .04202 open .1226329 .0404797 3.03 0.003 .0431965 .2020693 labo 1.317066 .5735434 2.30 0.022 .1915573 2.442575 gexp .0162709 .1268857 0.13 0.898 -.2327269 .2652686 tinv .4169626 .1211866 3.44 0.001 .1791488 .6547765 t_ins6 .1467229 .0737534 1.99 0.047 .0019909 .291455 ins6 6.528518 3.527514 1.85 0.065 -.3937964 13.45083 tfp 1.068727 .1342745 7.96 0.000 .8052292 1.332224 L1. -.106366 .0398443 -2.67 0.008 -.1845555 -.0281765 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 14 F(10, 984) = 116.35 avg = 14.00 Number of instruments = 28 Obs per group: min = 14 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 71 Group variable: id Number of obs = 994 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 203 - Kết quả ước lượng mẫu 22 quốc gia thu nhập trung bình thấp Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(16) = 22.51 Prob > chi2 = 0.128 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.61 Pr > z = 0.539 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -0.59 Pr > z = 0.556 L.L2.open GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) urb) D.(L.gdp tfp L.ins1 t_ins1 L.tinv L.gexp L4.labo trev inf L.tele L.debt Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.1536427 .0462279 -3.32 0.001 -.2446171 -.0626683 inf -.011012 .0644699 -0.17 0.864 -.1378859 .1158619 open -.1121748 .0756277 -1.48 0.139 -.2610068 .0366572 labo 4.209358 1.019605 4.13 0.000 2.20282 6.215897 gexp .0344008 .2533896 0.14 0.892 -.4642589 .5330604 tinv 1.379147 .3161699 4.36 0.000 .7569388 2.001356 t_ins1 .5134698 .2651686 1.94 0.054 -.0083705 1.03531 ins1 -17.80544 7.447159 -2.39 0.017 -32.46113 -3.149758 tfp .8690956 .2269462 3.83 0.000 .4224754 1.315716 L1. -.3422672 .0743646 -4.60 0.000 -.4886135 -.1959208 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 14 F(10, 298) = 11.81 avg = 14.00 Number of instruments = 26 Obs per group: min = 14 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 22 Group variable: id Number of obs = 308 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 204 Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(26) = 31.53 Prob > chi2 = 0.209 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 1.55 Pr > z = 0.121 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = 0.52 Pr > z = 0.602 L.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L.ins1 L.ins4 L.ins5 L.ins6 L.t_ins1 L2.t_ins3 t_ins4 L.t_ins5 t_ins6) D.(L.gdp tfp L.ins2 t_ins2 L.tinv gexp L.trev L.open L2.inf L.tele L2.debt Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.1054179 .0279239 -3.78 0.000 -.1603421 -.0504937 inf .1244027 .0809461 1.54 0.125 -.0348121 .2836175 open -.0484627 .0505079 -0.96 0.338 -.1478079 .0508825 labo 5.897346 .9742783 6.05 0.000 3.981014 7.813678 gexp -.1306318 .0977776 -1.34 0.182 -.322953 .0616893 tinv .6816992 .2168348 3.14 0.002 .2552016 1.108197 t_ins2 .2606673 .153601 1.70 0.091 -.0414543 .5627889 ins2 -11.06551 5.407136 -2.05 0.041 -21.70094 -.4300802 tfp .6234501 .1101497 5.66 0.000 .406794 .8401062 L1. -.4170592 .0700986 -5.95 0.000 -.5549377 -.2791806 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 342) = 31.01 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 36 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 22 Group variable: id Number of obs = 352 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(16) = 19.90 Prob > chi2 = 0.225 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -0.08 Pr > z = 0.939 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -2.03 Pr > z = 0.042 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L.ins3 t_ins3 tinv gexp trev open inf tele L2.debt) Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0299746 .0113013 -2.65 0.008 -.0522034 -.0077458 inf -.0370944 .039862 -0.93 0.353 -.1155 .0413112 open -.0205511 .0229096 -0.90 0.370 -.0656127 .0245104 labo 2.909559 .9204897 3.16 0.002 1.099025 4.720092 gexp .1116773 .1007868 1.11 0.269 -.0865627 .3099174 tinv .3699046 .0903701 4.09 0.000 .1921534 .5476559 t_ins3 .3213076 .1040742 3.09 0.002 .1166015 .5260136 ins3 -9.344348 4.212818 -2.22 0.027 -17.63064 -1.058052 tfp 1.06528 .1923087 5.54 0.000 .6870233 1.443537 L1. -.2122257 .075174 -2.82 0.005 -.3600872 -.0643641 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 342) = 27.24 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 26 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 22 Group variable: id Number of obs = 352 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 205 Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(16) = 20.59 Prob > chi2 = 0.195 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.41 Pr > z = 0.684 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -3.98 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp ins4 t_ins4 tinv gexp trev open inf tele L2.debt) Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0192419 .0097041 -1.98 0.048 -.0383292 -.0001546 inf .0137206 .0308502 0.44 0.657 -.0469594 .0744006 open -.0173065 .0196983 -0.88 0.380 -.0560515 .0214385 labo 2.965631 .7672937 3.87 0.000 1.456423 4.47484 gexp .0365279 .0814494 0.45 0.654 -.1236769 .1967326 tinv .2437736 .0656092 3.72 0.000 .1147252 .3728219 t_ins4 .9222923 .1879951 4.91 0.000 .5525201 1.292065 ins4 -3.162525 1.578918 -2.00 0.046 -6.268138 -.0569121 tfp 1.199988 .1691526 7.09 0.000 .8672779 1.532699 L1. -.2179747 .0625679 -3.48 0.001 -.341041 -.0949084 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 342) = 36.32 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 26 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 22 Group variable: id Number of obs = 352 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(24) = 29.75 Prob > chi2 = 0.193 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 1.64 Pr > z = 0.101 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -1.73 Pr > z = 0.084 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L.fdi L.urb L.ins1 L.ins2 ins4 L.ins6 L2.t_ins1 L.t_ins2 t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L.ins5 t_ins5 L2.tinv L2.gexp trev open L.inf L2.tele L.debt Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0888913 .0244618 -3.63 0.000 -.1370059 -.0407767 inf -.0471573 .058253 -0.81 0.419 -.1617366 .0674221 open -.0257244 .0234954 -1.09 0.274 -.071938 .0204893 labo 5.169864 .8868087 5.83 0.000 3.425578 6.914149 gexp -.0784142 .161553 -0.49 0.628 -.3961768 .2393483 tinv .6619988 .1766364 3.75 0.000 .3145683 1.009429 t_ins5 .8173536 .2699059 3.03 0.003 .286469 1.348238 ins5 -3.480907 3.824941 -0.91 0.363 -11.00428 4.042463 tfp 1.196875 .2774109 4.31 0.000 .651229 1.742522 L1. -.3708877 .0646981 -5.73 0.000 -.4981441 -.2436313 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 342) = 32.93 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 34 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 22 Group variable: id Number of obs = 352 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 206 Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(25) = 30.48 Prob > chi2 = 0.207 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 1.61 Pr > z = 0.107 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = 1.32 Pr > z = 0.188 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L.debt L.fdi L2.urb L.ins2 L.ins3 ins4 L2.ins5 t_ins3 L.t_ins4 L2.t_ins5) D.(L.gdp tfp L.ins6 L.t_ins6 L.tinv L.gexp trev L3.open L.inf L.tele Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.1030721 .0304476 -3.39 0.001 -.1629748 -.0431694 inf -.0291803 .0762583 -0.38 0.702 -.1792112 .1208507 open .047348 .0476513 0.99 0.321 -.0464014 .1410974 labo 6.181919 .9496797 6.51 0.000 4.313514 8.050323 gexp -.1308464 .1804501 -0.73 0.469 -.4858647 .224172 tinv .6932578 .2186421 3.17 0.002 .2631002 1.123415 t_ins6 .2355168 .1988746 1.18 0.237 -.15575 .6267837 ins6 -7.851913 4.720772 -1.66 0.097 -17.13958 1.435757 tfp .5486425 .1359252 4.04 0.000 .2812226 .8160623 L1. -.4390977 .0623592 -7.04 0.000 -.5617835 -.3164118 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(10, 320) = 26.06 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 35 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 22 Group variable: id Number of obs = 330 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 207 - Kết quả ước lượng mẫu 21 quốc gia thu nhập trung bình khá (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(20) = 22.53 Prob > chi2 = 0.312 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.07 Pr > z = 0.942 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -2.53 Pr > z = 0.011 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L.ins4 L2.ins5 L2.ins6 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L.ins1 L.t_ins1 tinv gexp trev L.open L.inf L.tele ins2 Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0952974 .0261774 -3.64 0.000 -.1467952 -.0437995 inf .0262882 .02957 0.89 0.375 -.031884 .0844604 open .16347 .0417783 3.91 0.000 .0812809 .2456592 labo 3.035994 .6880227 4.41 0.000 1.68247 4.389519 gexp .0459261 .0793257 0.58 0.563 -.1101287 .2019809 tinv .2326196 .0825635 2.82 0.005 .0701951 .395044 t_ins1 .6919785 .2899763 2.39 0.018 .1215175 1.262439 ins1 6.335744 3.050563 2.08 0.039 .3344702 12.33702 tfp .9797201 .1659944 5.90 0.000 .6531646 1.306276 L1. -.2620536 .0598176 -4.38 0.000 -.3797309 -.1443763 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 326) = 48.30 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 30 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 21 Group variable: id Number of obs = 336 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 208 (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(15) = 13.09 Prob > chi2 = 0.595 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.74 Pr > z = 0.457 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -3.84 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L3.urb) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp ins2 t_ins2 tinv L.gexp L4.open L3.inf L2.tele debt Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.1197901 .0374531 -3.20 0.002 -.1935111 -.0460692 inf -.1097704 .0443906 -2.47 0.014 -.1971468 -.0223941 open .2692134 .0543823 4.95 0.000 .1621699 .3762569 labo 1.829045 .5145335 3.55 0.000 .8162618 2.841828 gexp .0466122 .1718031 0.27 0.786 -.2915568 .3847812 tinv .1548339 .0880122 1.76 0.080 -.0184052 .3280729 t_ins2 .21337 .1271908 1.68 0.095 -.0369863 .4637262 ins2 3.648226 1.851608 1.97 0.050 .0036087 7.292842 tfp .7586542 .1572452 4.82 0.000 .4491403 1.068168 L1. -.1975488 .0517673 -3.82 0.000 -.2994451 -.0956525 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 14 F(10, 284) = 39.32 avg = 14.00 Number of instruments = 25 Obs per group: min = 14 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 21 Group variable: id Number of obs = 294 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(20) = 14.71 Prob > chi2 = 0.793 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.98 Pr > z = 0.327 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -0.74 Pr > z = 0.456 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L.ins1 L.ins4 L2.ins5 L.ins6 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L.ins3 L.t_ins3 tinv L2.gexp L.trev L2.open L2.inf tele Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.1064035 .0190827 -5.58 0.000 -.1439443 -.0688627 inf .0495272 .032209 1.54 0.125 -.0138366 .1128909 open .1365022 .0420526 3.25 0.001 .0537735 .219231 labo 4.245001 .8431742 5.03 0.000 2.586251 5.90375 gexp -.131526 .157201 -0.84 0.403 -.4407825 .1777305 tinv .2326719 .0881301 2.64 0.009 .0592964 .4060475 t_ins3 .3461065 .154124 2.25 0.025 .0429034 .6493096 ins3 4.488507 2.653201 1.69 0.092 -.7310482 9.708062 tfp .8607114 .1385317 6.21 0.000 .5881824 1.13324 L1. -.3235979 .0643257 -5.03 0.000 -.4501438 -.197052 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 326) = 42.06 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 30 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 21 Group variable: id Number of obs = 336 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 209 (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(22) = 27.99 Prob > chi2 = 0.176 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.54 Pr > z = 0.590 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -3.49 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) urb t_ins1 L2.t_ins2 t_ins5 L.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp ins4 t_ins4 tinv gexp L.open L2.inf L2.tele L.trev L2.fdi Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.1456222 .0218987 -6.65 0.000 -.1887028 -.1025416 inf -.0830509 .032541 -2.55 0.011 -.1470677 -.019034 open .2233408 .0362615 6.16 0.000 .1520047 .294677 labo 2.635345 .4512446 5.84 0.000 1.747626 3.523064 gexp -.1043913 .0817879 -1.28 0.203 -.2652899 .0565074 tinv .272784 .0803712 3.39 0.001 .1146724 .4308957 t_ins4 .1902751 .0963229 1.98 0.049 .0007822 .379768 ins4 2.650784 1.552378 1.71 0.089 -.4031594 5.704728 tfp .6007926 .0740397 8.11 0.000 .4551367 .7464484 L1. -.2609419 .0394406 -6.62 0.000 -.3385321 -.1833516 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 326) = 52.69 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 32 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 21 Group variable: id Number of obs = 336 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(20) = 19.69 Prob > chi2 = 0.477 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.16 Pr > z = 0.870 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -2.53 Pr > z = 0.011 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) ins2 L2.ins6 t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L2.ins5 t_ins5 tinv gexp L.open inf L3.tele urb debt fdi Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.1031747 .0320346 -3.22 0.001 -.1662115 -.0401379 inf -.0337714 .0150316 -2.25 0.025 -.0633501 -.0041928 open .226394 .043706 5.18 0.000 .1403904 .3123975 labo 2.441724 .5585174 4.37 0.000 1.342689 3.540759 gexp -.0378823 .065893 -0.57 0.566 -.1675447 .09178 tinv .1543962 .0851035 1.81 0.071 -.0130682 .3218606 t_ins5 .3810483 .1955934 1.95 0.052 -.003835 .7659317 ins5 8.050028 4.252475 1.89 0.059 -.3178754 16.41793 tfp .8416862 .1788301 4.71 0.000 .4897892 1.193583 L1. -.2361801 .0550268 -4.29 0.000 -.3444603 -.1279 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(10, 305) = 49.08 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 30 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 21 Group variable: id Number of obs = 315 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 210 (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(25) = 33.84 Prob > chi2 = 0.111 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 1.49 Pr > z = 0.137 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -5.34 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L2.t_ins5) L3.fdi L2.urb L.ins1 ins2 L2.ins3 L.ins4 L2.ins5 L.t_ins3 L.t_ins4 D.(L.gdp L2.tfp ins6 L2.t_ins6 L.tinv L.gexp L.open L.inf L.tele L2.debt Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0179918 .029705 -0.61 0.545 -.0764445 .040461 inf -.0060368 .030343 -0.20 0.842 -.0657449 .0536713 open .1573613 .0480569 3.27 0.001 .0627962 .2519264 labo 1.688116 .5131683 3.29 0.001 .678318 2.697915 gexp -.0568207 .1318163 -0.43 0.667 -.3162052 .2025639 tinv -.0566807 .2076588 -0.27 0.785 -.4653059 .3519445 t_ins6 .4983313 .1797471 2.77 0.006 .1446298 .8520327 ins6 -2.261519 1.509498 -1.50 0.135 -5.231868 .7088297 tfp .963022 .1386231 6.95 0.000 .6902432 1.235801 L1. -.1458016 .0456254 -3.20 0.002 -.235582 -.0560213 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(10, 305) = 37.37 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 35 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 21 Group variable: id Number of obs = 315 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 211 - Kết quả ước lượng mẫu 18 quốc gia thu nhập cao Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(22) = 29.80 Prob > chi2 = 0.123 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -1.31 Pr > z = 0.189 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -3.13 Pr > z = 0.002 L.ins1 GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) ins3 ins4 L.ins5 t_ins5) D.(L2.gdp tfp t_ins1 tinv L.gexp labo L.open inf L.tele L.debt L.urb ins2 Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele .034485 .029783 1.16 0.248 -.0241438 .0931137 inf .0169848 .0321216 0.53 0.597 -.0462477 .0802172 open .0472709 .0333419 1.42 0.157 -.0183638 .1129056 labo .0326152 .1440972 0.23 0.821 -.2510451 .3162754 gexp .0013523 .1304342 0.01 0.992 -.2554119 .2581165 tinv .2933615 .059075 4.97 0.000 .1770703 .4096527 t_ins1 -.0225571 .0540355 -0.42 0.677 -.1289278 .0838135 ins1 3.981534 2.310009 1.72 0.086 -.5657977 8.528865 tfp .8447954 .0616301 13.71 0.000 .7234745 .9661163 L1. -.1938185 .029511 -6.57 0.000 -.2519119 -.1357251 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 278) = 72.09 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 32 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 288 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 212 Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(21) = 24.25 Prob > chi2 = 0.281 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.29 Pr > z = 0.775 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -3.38 Pr > z = 0.001 L.L5.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L3.urb L2.debt ins1 L2.ins3 ins4 L2.ins5 L.ins6 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L.tfp L.ins2 t_ins2 tinv L4.gexp L.trev L2.open L.inf L2.tele Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele .0278352 .0608431 0.46 0.648 -.0920143 .1476848 inf -.0074533 .1069362 -0.07 0.944 -.2180979 .2031913 open .246214 .05902 4.17 0.000 .1299555 .3624725 labo -.5464944 .3538283 -1.54 0.124 -1.243471 .150482 gexp -.1817952 .1327963 -1.37 0.172 -.4433794 .079789 tinv .2659979 .0741204 3.59 0.000 .1199945 .4120014 t_ins2 -.1328791 .0739922 -1.80 0.074 -.2786301 .0128719 ins2 10.73326 4.136852 2.59 0.010 2.584427 18.8821 tfp .8495317 .1231595 6.90 0.000 .6069303 1.092133 L1. -.126878 .0287467 -4.41 0.000 -.1835036 -.0702524 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 14 F(10, 242) = 67.93 avg = 14.00 Number of instruments = 31 Obs per group: min = 14 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 252 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(22) = 19.60 Prob > chi2 = 0.608 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -0.50 Pr > z = 0.614 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -2.85 Pr > z = 0.004 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L2.ins2 L.ins1 L2.ins4 L2.ins5 L.ins6 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L.ins3 t_ins3 tinv gexp trev L.open L.inf L.tele L2.debt Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele .0026192 .0354012 0.07 0.941 -.0670692 .0723077 inf .0317438 .0838336 0.38 0.705 -.1332855 .1967731 open .2421788 .0630804 3.84 0.000 .1180029 .3663548 labo -.3911738 .324598 -1.21 0.229 -1.030156 .2478083 gexp -.1125457 .0835206 -1.35 0.179 -.2769588 .0518674 tinv .2529693 .0631657 4.00 0.000 .1286256 .3773131 t_ins3 -.190383 .0617376 -3.08 0.002 -.3119157 -.0688504 ins3 9.641217 3.798334 2.54 0.012 2.164069 17.11837 tfp .8287613 .1568385 5.28 0.000 .5200194 1.137503 L1. -.1147896 .0489458 -2.35 0.020 -.211141 -.0184382 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 278) = 66.82 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 32 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 288 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 213 Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(23) = 25.76 Prob > chi2 = 0.312 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -0.25 Pr > z = 0.804 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -3.74 Pr > z = 0.000 L.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L2.ins1 L2.ins2 L.ins3 L2.ins5 L.ins6 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp ins4 t_ins4 tinv gexp trev L.open L.inf L.tele L2.debt Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0115722 .030339 -0.38 0.703 -.0712955 .0481511 inf .0795279 .0724462 1.10 0.273 -.0630849 .2221407 open .2085328 .0548343 3.80 0.000 .1005895 .3164761 labo -.4277797 .2931764 -1.46 0.146 -1.004907 .149348 gexp -.0717593 .0743615 -0.97 0.335 -.2181425 .074624 tinv .2595995 .0591718 4.39 0.000 .1431177 .3760812 t_ins4 -.1650765 .0609116 -2.71 0.007 -.284983 -.04517 ins4 2.85102 1.521626 1.87 0.062 -.1443512 5.846392 tfp .9492544 .1425178 6.66 0.000 .6687032 1.229806 L1. -.0886932 .0441391 -2.01 0.045 -.1755826 -.0018038 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 278) = 77.73 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 33 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 288 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(25) = 33.96 Prob > chi2 = 0.109 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.28 Pr > z = 0.778 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -3.59 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L3.debt urb ins1 L2.ins2 L.ins3 L.ins4 L2.ins6 t_ins2 L.t_ins4 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp tfp L.ins5 t_ins5 L.tinv gexp L3.open L2.inf L2.tele L2.fdi Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.034534 .0442383 -0.78 0.436 -.1216449 .0525769 inf .0922708 .0835427 1.10 0.270 -.0722356 .2567771 open .2132401 .0422524 5.05 0.000 .1300397 .2964405 labo -.3886559 .2351471 -1.65 0.100 -.8516911 .0743792 gexp -.1039958 .0722066 -1.44 0.151 -.2461801 .0381884 tinv .4238473 .1219592 3.48 0.001 .1836937 .6640009 t_ins5 -.1362593 .0600234 -2.27 0.024 -.2544532 -.0180653 ins5 1.229046 3.71791 0.33 0.741 -6.092002 8.550094 tfp .8426717 .0642411 13.12 0.000 .7161726 .9691707 L1. -.1202003 .0194152 -6.19 0.000 -.1584314 -.0819691 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(10, 260) = 73.31 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 35 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 270 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 214 Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(21) = 28.54 Prob > chi2 = 0.126 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.37 Pr > z = 0.713 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -2.36 Pr > z = 0.018 L.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) L.debt L.urb L2.ins2 ins3 ins4) D.(L.gdp tfp L2.ins6 t_ins6 L.tinv L.gexp L2.trev L.open L2.inf L2.tele Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0787152 .0557147 -1.41 0.159 -.1883914 .030961 inf .0727148 .0797374 0.91 0.363 -.0842511 .2296807 open .2599485 .0523163 4.97 0.000 .1569621 .3629349 labo -.3032398 .3362067 -0.90 0.368 -.9650741 .3585946 gexp -.1556375 .1581752 -0.98 0.326 -.4670106 .1557357 tinv .3431285 .1179573 2.91 0.004 .1109255 .5753315 t_ins6 -.1422293 .0692876 -2.05 0.041 -.2786244 -.0058342 ins6 10.04908 4.60367 2.18 0.030 .9865996 19.11156 tfp .7742269 .0627724 12.33 0.000 .6506572 .8977965 L1. -.1024126 .0198277 -5.17 0.000 -.1414441 -.0633811 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 16 F(10, 278) = 62.62 avg = 16.00 Number of instruments = 31 Obs per group: min = 16 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 18 Group variable: id Number of obs = 288 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 215 3. Kết quả kiểm định tính vững mô hình bằng phương pháp GMM với biến chất lượng thể chế (INS) là chỉ số trung bình của sáu chỉ số. - Kết quả ước lượng với biến phụ thuộc TFPG: (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(16) = 20.05 Prob > chi2 = 0.218 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = -0.45 Pr > z = 0.652 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -7.48 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L.ins GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) D.(L2.tfp L2.tinv gexp L3.labo L2.trev open inf L2.tele ins3) Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele .00297 .024299 0.12 0.903 -.0447098 .0506498 inf -.0750634 .0151923 -4.94 0.000 -.104874 -.0452528 open .085174 .021351 3.99 0.000 .0432788 .1270692 labo -.2383239 .1681459 -1.42 0.157 -.5682615 .0916137 gexp -.2346966 .0570439 -4.11 0.000 -.3466287 -.1227644 tinv -.1314868 .2625166 -0.50 0.617 -.6465998 .3836262 ins 6.807227 2.873447 2.37 0.018 1.168918 12.44554 L1. .1321624 .0829562 1.59 0.111 -.0306151 .2949399 tfp tfp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 15 F(8, 1057) = 11.82 avg = 15.00 Number of instruments = 24 Obs per group: min = 15 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 71 Group variable: id Number of obs = 1065 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 216 - Kết quả ước lượng với biến phụ thuộc ∆GDP: (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.) Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(21) = 21.62 Prob > chi2 = 0.422 Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z = 0.04 Pr > z = 0.966 Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z = -4.02 Pr > z = 0.000 L.L3.labo GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed) ins2 L.ins3 L.ins4 L.ins5 L.ins6 L2.t_ins6) D.(L.gdp L2.tfp L.ins t_ins tinv gexp L2.trev L.open L4.inf L2.tele L2.fdi Standard Instruments for first differences equation tele -.0399273 .0191181 -2.09 0.037 -.0774443 -.0024103 inf .0441987 .0484189 0.91 0.362 -.0508175 .1392148 open .158713 .0409927 3.87 0.000 .0782698 .2391562 labo 2.169492 .4906801 4.42 0.000 1.206593 3.132392 gexp -.0698122 .0582433 -1.20 0.231 -.1841075 .0444831 tinv .1164424 .0429985 2.71 0.007 .032063 .2008218 t_ins .1667721 .0920347 1.81 0.070 -.0138347 .347379 ins 6.146523 2.566383 2.40 0.017 1.11031 11.18274 tfp .8979834 .1377357 6.52 0.000 .627694 1.168273 L1. -.1700223 .0398861 -4.26 0.000 -.2482939 -.0917506 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] Prob > F = 0.000 max = 14 F(10, 984) = 139.49 avg = 14.00 Number of instruments = 31 Obs per group: min = 14 Time variable : obs Number of groups = 71 Group variable: id Number of obs = 994 Dynamic panel-data estimation, one-step difference GMM 217 4. Kiểm định tính vững của mô hình bằng phương pháp ước lượng FE-2SLS với biến chất lượng thể chế (INS) là chỉ số trung bình của sáu chỉ số. Chi-sq(2) P-val = 0.2605 Sargan statistic (overidentification test of all instruments): 2.690 tele .0033533 .0022421 1.50 0.135 -.0010412 .0077478 inf -.0199287 .0065706 -3.03 0.002 -.0328068 -.0070507 open .0101979 .0056851 1.79 0.073 -.0009447 .0213405 labo .1084249 .0424591 2.55 0.011 .0252066 .1916431 gexp -.0522726 .0192843 -2.71 0.007 -.0900692 -.0144759 tinv .2111869 .0186751 11.31 0.000 .1745844 .2477893 t_ins .1284296 .0353855 3.63 0.000 .0590754 .1977839 ins -.719994 .5801649 -1.24 0.215 -1.857096 .4171084 tfp .8632443 .0246967 34.95 0.000 .8148396 .911649 L1. -.0083265 .0046821 -1.78 0.075 -.0175032 .0008503 gdp D.gdp Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] Residual SS = 6172.026732 Root MSE = 2.331 Total (uncentered) SS = 15976.23948 Uncentered R2 = 0.6137 Total (centered) SS = 15976.23948 Centered R2 = 0.6137 Prob > F = 0.0000 F( 10, 1126) = 178.86 Number of obs = 1207 Statistics consistent for homoskedasticity only Estimates efficient for homoskedasticity only OLS estimation Duplicates: labo Warning - duplicate variables detected max = 17 avg = 17.0 Number of groups = 71 Obs per group: min = 17 FIXED EFFECTS ESTIMATION 218 5. Kết quả kiểm định T Test cho biến chất lượng thể chế - Giữa nhóm thu nhập trung bình thấp với thu nhập trung bình khá Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean -.364796 Ho: mean = -.364796 degrees of freedom = 417 mean = mean(ins3) t = -12.6293 ins3 418 -.8005051 .0344998 .7053509 -.8683203 -.7326898 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins3==-.3647958 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean -.07315 Ho: mean = -.07315 degrees of freedom = 417 mean = mean(ins2) t = -27.3782 ins2 418 -.5356704 .0168938 .3453937 -.5688779 -.5024628 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins2==-.0731504 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean -.282506 Ho: mean = -.282506 degrees of freedom = 417 mean = mean(ins1) t = -23.4537 ins1 418 -.6967492 .0176622 .3611037 -.7314672 -.6620313 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins1==-.2825063 219 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean -.267571 Ho: mean = -.267571 degrees of freedom = 417 mean = mean(ins6) t = -11.4464 ins6 418 -.5906425 .0282246 .5770537 -.6461227 -.5351622 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins6==-.2675713 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean -.325306 Ho: mean = -.325306 degrees of freedom = 417 mean = mean(ins5) t = -13.4878 ins5 418 -.6404617 .0233661 .4777201 -.6863917 -.5945318 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins5==-.3253062 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean -.040355 Ho: mean = -.040355 degrees of freedom = 417 mean = mean(ins4) t = -20.9601 ins4 418 -.4958329 .0217307 .4442852 -.5385482 -.4531175 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins4==-.0403546 220 - Giữa nhóm thu nhập trung bình khá với thu nhập cao Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean .3120689 Ho: mean = .3120689 degrees of freedom = 398 mean = mean(ins3) t = -20.8809 ins3 399 -.3647958 .0324154 .6474975 -.4285226 -.3010689 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins3==.3120689 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean .4296759 Ho: mean = .4296759 degrees of freedom = 398 mean = mean(ins2) t = -20.4875 ins2 399 -.0731504 .0245431 .4902478 -.1214007 -.0249001 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins2==.4296759 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean .3229307 Ho: mean = .3229307 degrees of freedom = 398 mean = mean(ins1) t = -28.1879 ins1 399 -.2825063 .0214786 .4290343 -.324732 -.2402807 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins1==.3229307 221 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean .1840545 Ho: mean = .1840545 degrees of freedom = 398 mean = mean(ins6) t = -12.2738 ins6 399 -.2675713 .0367959 .7349978 -.3399099 -.1952326 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins6==.1840545 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean .3572133 Ho: mean = .3572133 degrees of freedom = 398 mean = mean(ins5) t = -27.5817 ins5 399 -.3253062 .0247454 .4942884 -.3739542 -.2766583 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins5==.3572133 Pr(T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000 Ha: mean .491626 Ho: mean = .491626 degrees of freedom = 398 mean = mean(ins4) t = -17.0140 ins4 399 -.0403546 .0312672 .6245611 -.101824 .0211148 Variable Obs Mean Std. Err. Std. Dev. [95% Conf. Interval] One-sample t test . ttest ins4==.491626