Tóm tắt Luận án Improve the performance efficiency of public transport system in urban areas

1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINNING UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG MAI IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN URBAN AREAS Study Field: Transport Organization and Management Code: 62.84.01.03 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS HA NOI- 2014 2 Training Institution: University of Transport and Communications Supervisors: 1- Assoc.Prof.Dr Tu Sy Sua 2- Dr. Le Xuan Lan Examination Committee Member 1: Prof.PostDr Nguyen Huu Ha Examination Committee Member 2: Prof.Dr Ngo Thang Loi Examination Committee Member 3: Prof.Dr Bui Xuan Phong The thesis is defended in front of Examination Committee at University Level In : The University of Transport and Communications At .............. , ......... ......... 2014 The thesis can be found in the Information Center of The University of Transport and Communications. 3 INTRODUCTION 1- THE NEED FOR THIS STUDY The rapid economic growth along with the urbanization led to the explosion of travel demand in urban areas, especially in metropolitans. To meet the increasing travel demands of urban transit has been also a challenge of public transport system. The Government along with the urban authorities have been trying to explore several tools to deal with this position, in which urban public passenger transport is considered an effective solution. Over the past decade, Ha Noi and HCM city has taken steps to develop polices and public transport system, but the fact that the capacity of this components limited (satisfied about 10% travel demand in Hanoi, and in HCMC is approximate 7%); in contrast, this rate is actually high in the similar cities in the global. There are many objective and subjective reasons leading to this situation, which must include asynchronous development of urban transport network, the weakness of the infrastructure serving public transport and the disproportionate number of public transport vehicles. Besides that, the poor management, enforcement the performance of vehicles on streets leads to low service quality and decrease the attractions of public transport to passengers. The low proportion of public transport users will lead to the low effective of system performance. In this context, how to improve the performance public transport system to satisfy the travel demands of citizens and meet the goals of sustainable development and urban socio-economic issues are top concerns of urban government. From the urgent problems posed by reality and perfection requires reasoning about the performance of public transport system, the author chose the subject of the thesis: “Improve the performance efficiency of public transport system in urban areas". 2- PURPOSESOF THE STUDY Systematize and clarify the rationale of performance efficiency of public transport system in urban areas; Analyze the status quo of system performance and suggest solutions to improve performance efficiency of Hanoi bus system, concentrated on performed solutions. 3- OBJECTS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY The objects of study are:performance efficiency of bus system 4 Scope of study:In study’s field: Bus system and its performance efficiency; In space: Vietnamese large and special cities, particularly is Hanoi; In time: data in period of 2002-2012, Governmental and Hanoi’s oriented indicators until 2020 and visions to 2030. 4- SCIENTIFIC AND REALISTIC CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY Scientific contribution:Systematize the rationale; Analyze perspective of efficiency and evaluated indicators; suggest solutions to improve performance efficiency of bus system Realistic contribution:Evaluate the performance efficiency and existing problems of Hanoi bus system; Summarize the experience form large cities on the world; Suggest solutions to improve performance efficiency of bus system OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION IN VIETNAM AND ON THE WORLD 1-Research situation in Vietnam Until now, the researches on public transport and efficiency of public transport system are mostly achieved form science schemes as Ministry-level projects No KC10-02 and KHCN 10-02 of Ministry of Transport and directed by University of Transport and Communications; or several project funded by international organization such as Project of improving Vietnamese urban transport by SIDA in 1994; Master Plan of urban transport in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city by JICA; Research project preparation urban transport development in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city by World Bank conducted during 2004 – 2007; Urban bus transportation scheme in Hanoi (2010 - 2020). Besides that, there are several related thesis researching on efficiency of public transport system in different aspects. In general, the analyses of urban transportation’s effectiveness remained incoherent; the effectiveness was presented in several certain aspects, have not applied to assess specifically to establish orientations and solutions to improve effectiveness of urban transportation system. 2- Research situation on the world Researches to assess effectiveness of urban transportation: Richard Layard and Stephen Glaisteranalyzed benefits and costs of urban transportation to appraise effectiveness of urban transportationeffectiveness of urban transportation; Geoff Gardner 5 (United Kingdom) analyzed benefits and costs to select public mass transportation vehicle; Bruno De Borger et al. (Belgium) represent the analyzing model of social costs of urban transportation. DimitriosTsamboulaand George Mikroudis stated the EFECT (Evaluation Framework of Environmental impacts and Cost of Transport) combining multi correspondence analysis (MCA) and cost – benefit analysis (CBA). Researches became the foundation to improve effectiveness of urban transportation: Vukan R.Vuchic in Urban transit: operation, planning and economics assessed effectiveness and represented basis of vehicle performance improvement; Johan Holmgren researched on performance effectiveness of urban transportation by random variable analysis; analyze operation effectiveness on urban transit system of Sampaio et al. (2008) conducted on 12 systems in Europe and 7 systems in Brazil. The study focused on performance issues over investment costs, operation costs, comparing and evaluating the results of operations and investment policies to support public transportation. The issue of urban structure, distribution of power between beneficial groups, competition issues and constraints to create differences between the actual cost and the optimal cost of the investment plan,modal choice behavior of users has been studied and considered. However, network structure, hierarchical routing capabilities to optimize transport capacity of the transportation system, improving connectivity for passengers, increasing operational efficiency has not been thoroughly studied. 3- OBJECTS OF THE THESIS Based ondomestic and international research results are concerned, thesis tried to make up and complete both the theoretical basis and practical of performance efficiency of the public transport system in urban areas. Research on existing problems which decrease efficiency of current bus system. As a result, suggest solutions to improve performance efficiency of bus system based on combining rationale and practical of improve performance efficiency. 4- METHODOLOGY OF THE THESIS 6 Thesis used several general research methodology such as dialectical materialism and historical materialism; Specialized research methodology such as deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, comparison and assessment. Moreover, thesis also used several other methodology such as passenger survey and interview, economical mathematics, optimizing mathematics. 4- CONTENTS OF THE THESIS Beside the introduction and conclusion parts, the study report comprises of 3 chapters which are: Chapter 1: Rationale and practices to improve performance of urban transit systems Chapter 2: Analyze and assess the current efficiency of public transport system in Hanoi Chapter 3: Improve efficiency of public transport system in cities CHAPTER 1: RATIONALE AND PRACTICES TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF URBAN TRANSIT SYSTEMS 1.1 URBAN AREA AND URBAN TRANSPORATION SYSTEM 1.1.1 Urban - Urbanization 1.1.1.1 Concept and classification of urban area a-Definition:Urban area is the concentrated high-density area, mostly non-agricultural workers, people live and work in urban style, the general center or specialized centers have a role to promote the economic social development. b-Classification * Classification on the world: including 6 types: metropolitan, urban area Type 1 to Type 5. * Classificationin Vietnam:including 6 types: special city, urban area Type 1 to Type 5. 1.1.1.2 Urbanizationis a process that transforms the area into urban territory, it is an inevitable trend of historical objectivity of social development.Besides the positive side there are many problems, especially the increase in travel demand and pressure to solve urban transportation issues and ensuring environment. 1.1.2 Travel demand in urban area. 1.1.2.1 Concept and classification of travel demand 7 * Travel demand is the average trips of a person in a certain time unit. Trip is the movement on purpose of a person with the distance not less than 500 metres. * Travel demand is classified by Travel purpose, land boundary, Trip behaviour, Trip distance. 1.1.2.2 Characteristics of travel demand: Travel demand is a derived demand, travel demand could be filled by different vehicles, travel demand is difficult to replace, price impacted slowly to travel demand, travel demand is a seasonal and timed demand, travel demand displays profound social feature 1.1.3 Urban transit system 1.1.3.1 Struture of Urban transit system - Urban Transport system:including dynamic transport system and static transport system. - Urban transit system:including transport modes and vehicles. 1.1.3.2 Characteristics of Urban transit system:High density of road network; Low traffic speed;High investment and operation cost 1.2 URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AREA 1.2.1 Definition: Urban public transportation is the combination of all transport modes and infrastructure serving for vehicle performance and services supporting for travel demand of citizens. 1.2.2 Role of Urban public transportation:Create relationships between the areas of the city; Being effective measures to reduce traffic density on the road; Being primary solutions to improve efficiency of transport infrastructure; Reduce traffic accidents and reduce pollution; Contributing to cost savings for society. 1.2.3 Transport modes of Urban public transportation - Metro/Mass rapid transit (MRT) - Tramway - Bus - Monorail - Light rail transit (LRT) - Trolley bus - Bus rapid transit (BRT) 1.3 RATIONALE FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AREA 1.3.1 Rationale of efficiency 1.3.1.1Definition:Efficiency is a concept used to describle the relationship between the results of the operational objectives of the 8 subject and that subject waste to spend to achieve that result in certain conditions. 1.3.1.2 Classification of efficiency:According to the field of social work; In view of the benefits; According to calculations; Under the scope of impact. 1.3.1.3 The principles of effective assessment: The principle of the relationship between goals and performance indicators; The principle unification of benefits; Principles of accuracy, adequacy and science. Principles to ensure realistic. 1.3.2 Efficiency of urban public transportation 1.3.2.1 Definition:Efficiency of urban public transporation reflect the use of resources are invested to achieve certain goals staining related to the field of socio-economic and environmental issues. Efficiency of urban public transportationis assessed through 3 aspects: By state’s view, aimed to reduce environmental pollution, to promote social equality, rational land use; By operator’s view, maximizing the profit or minimizing costs; By passenger’s view, gaining best service quality on minimum trip cost. 1.3.2.2 Method of evaluating the efficiency of urban public transporation Method of comparison Method of marking evaluation Method of multi indicator analysis Method of cost-benefit analysis 1.3.2.3 Indicator to assess the efficiency of urban public transporation a-By state’s view 1- Benefit by saving on infrastructure costs 2- Benefit for society on costs 3- Benefit for environment on costs. 4- Ratio of travel demand satisfy 5- Average total cost for one passenger delivered ( HKC  ) 6- Average subsidy for one passenger ( HKTGM ) b-By public transportation operator’s view 1- Efficiency of inputs 2- Rate of returns of inputs 9 3- Average operating costs for one passenger (CHK) 4- Average operating costs for 1 kilometer vehicle operated 5- Average operating costs for 1 hour vehicle operated c-By passenger’s view (public transport user’s view) 1- Time from origin to destination 2- Total cost for one trip 3- The indicators to evaluate public transport service 1.3.2.4 Factors influencing to efficiency of urban public transportation a- Objective components:Transport infrastructure, Travel demand and characteristics of travel demand, institution and policies, inputs of public transport b- Subjective components:Human factor;Public transport operation;Public transport management and enforcement, Public transport service quality. 1.3.3 Improving performance effectiveness of urban public transportation by bus There are 3 ways to improve efficiency: (1)- Increase results (benefit) obtained at the output on the basis of unchanged inputs (or input increases with slower speed); (2)- Maintaining the results obtained on the basis of reduction of inputs; (3)- Increase results (benefit) obtained at the output on the basis of reducing the inputs and this is the most efficient path. 1.3.3.1 By state’s view:Improve efficiency is to find the way saving investment cost for infrastructure, reduce subsidy and increase social and environmental benefit. 1.3.3.2 By public transportation operator’s view: Improve efficiency is to find the way saving operating costs and improve service quality to attract passenger and also increase revenue 1.3.3.3 By passenger’s view:Improve efficiency is find solutions to provide a rapid, cheap and qualitative public transport service. This will be the determined factor of modal shift from private to public transport, therefore generally improve the efficiency of urban public transportation system. 1.4 CASE STUDY OF IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN SEVERAL CITIES ON THE WORLD. 10 Streamline planning and spatial development of urban functional areas. Urban public transport planning becomes the backbone of land use planning, in public transport planning, concentrating on urban transit Develop public transport’s infrastructure insynchronization and compatibility. Public transport’s infrastructure could be co-financed by people benefited from increasing property values. Establish classified transport network clearly (backbone line operated by MRT or BRT, bus route covered the rest of network) Cooperate all transport mode with unique agency has responsibilities in operation and management of public transportation (PTA). Applied ITS to operate and manage urban public transportation system. Provided information for passenger more accurately and adequately. Information might be accessed via mobile phone and internet. Control the growth of private vehicle by the regulated role of government. To conclude, chapter 1 provided an overview of issues relating to urban public transport and its performance; systemize and establish more detailedindicators of efficiency of public transport system by the view of government, operators and passengers; analyze the factors influencing to system performance efficiency, concentrated on bus system and the methods to evaluation. Particularly, the thesis argued the issues of improving the efficiency of bus system. Also in this chapter, the thesis introduced several case studies in operating public transport system in representative cities, thus concluded lessons learned to establish a better and effective public transport system. CHAPTER 2: ANALYZE AND ASSESS THE CURRENT EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HANOI 2.1. OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAMESE URBAN AREAS. Until 2012, there are 755 urban areas, including 2 special cities are Hanoi and HCMC, 10 cities type I, 12 cities type II, 47 cities type III, 50 urban areas type IV and 634 urban areas type V. Bus is currently 11 the only mass transit system in urban areas. Buses are only priority in public transport development in Hanoi and HCMC, but in other urban municipalities including type I, the role of it is still fuzzy. Table 2.1: Results of bus system performance in central cities No Indicators Unit HảiPhòng HàNội ĐàNẵng TP HCM CầnThơ 1 Operators 5 9 11 15 1 2 Number of routes Route 12 86 5 146 8 Subsidized route Route 2 67 1 108 - Non- Subsidized route Route 10 19 4 39 8 3 Number of vehicles Vehs 121 1254 108 2951 140 4 Number of vehicles trips 10 3trips/year 370 3789 256 4000 285 5 Passenger volume 104pax 800 44570 2000 31661 1087 6 Subsidy /year 106Đồng 3102 992400 - 1269000 - 7 Subsidy/Costs % 69.3% 57% 8 Subsidy/Passenger VND/pax 510 2093 4008 - - 9 Ratio of travel demand satisfy % >1 10 >1 6,5 1,2 2.2 STATUS QUO OF PUBLUC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HANOI 2.2.1 Current status of bus network in Hanoi: There are 86 bus routes: 62 routes in interior of city, bus routes be responsible for administration officer in Hadong district, 12 non- subsidy routes, 7 adjacent routes to the surrounding. To classify routes, tangent-line route made up 48%, diametric and centripetal routes made up 20% and 27% respectively, circular routes only take around 5%. With this proportion, the biggest issue is the possibility of duplicating routes in main corridors, especially in city centre. 2.2.2 Current status of bus vehicles: There are 3 types of bus: minibus (24 – 30 seats), medium bus (45 – 60 seats) and large bus (from 80 seats).The vehicles are changing frequently, however, over-5-year-old vehicles still made up high proportion (over 50%), in contrast, the ratio of under-2-year-old vehicles is 16% and 2-to-4 year-old is 28%. The bus vehicle are various on type and operated commonly. 12 2.2.3 Current status of infrastructure 2.2.3.1 Termini: There are 63 termini, however, only several coach stations such as Hadong, Nam Thang Long, Giap Bat, My Dinh coach station and parking places such as Den Lu, Long Bien, Thuy Khue, Nguyen Cong Tru, Lac Trung, Kim Ma, Thanh Xuan having the peculiar parking area for bus vehicles. The others are using temporary on-street parking. 2.2.3.2 Interchanges: There are 3 interchanges for bus, such as Long Bien, CauGiay and Nhon in recently. 2.2.3.3 Bus stops and bus shelters: There are 1812bus stops, but oly including 360 bus shelters 2.2.4 Current status in management. 2.2.4.1 Operations: Normal-form operation conducted on 67 subsidized route at whole the time in a day. Rapid-form operated in peak hours with low frequent. 2.2.4.2 Management and Enforcement a- Model of government management in public transportation Figure 2.1: Model of government management in public transportation PUBLIC COMMITEES MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT Division of Transportation Division of Vehicle Management Division of Public transport Other division HANOI TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION CENTRE Bao Yen Bus TRANSERCO Dong Anh Bus Bac Ha Bus Other bus companies M etropolitan railw ay m anagem ent board T ransportation C orporation Relations steer online Relations function 13 b- Revenue management: Tramoc managed single ticket, ticket stamps releasing, managed ticket sales. c- Enforcement: Based on the ordered contracts and the bidding contracts between management unit and operators. 2.2.5 Current status of ticketing Monthly ticket (single route, multi route) and single ticket are mainly in paper form. Smart card is only applied in Route No 32. 2.2.6 Performance results of public transport system Bus network coverage is expanding, passengers increase day-by- day; Positive contribution in reducing traffic congestion; Increase passenger load factor; Powerful Innovation in mechanism of bus operations 2.3 EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HANOI 2.3.1 Evaluative attitude 2.3.1.1 Government attitude:Ratio of travel demand satisfied; Social benefits from public transport 2.3.1.2 Passenger attitude: Trip duration, Trip costs, the convinience and safety. 2.3.1.3 Operator attitude:Economical and Financial benefits, maximum returns. In the scope of thesis, evaluating the efficiency of public transport system based on the Government attitude and passenger attitude. 2.3.2 Evaluating the efficiency of public transport system in hanoi 2.3.2.1 Gorvenment attitude a- Ratio of travel demand satisfied:In 2012, public transport served 10,04% travel demand of Hanoi’s citizens, however, comparing to the target of 30-35% travel demand, the ratio was truly low. b- Performance efficiency: During 2002 to 2012, the rate of passenger volume growth was around 1,3 time, revenue increased 1,28 time per year; however, costs also upturned 1,32 time and subsidy, therefore, raised with the highest ratio of 1,46 time per year The growth rate of revenue was lower than costs, notwithstanding the increasing rate of cost was lessened than passenger volume, and the amount of subsidy was expandedat the highest level. 14 Therefore, we could concluded that the public transport system in Hanoi has effectiveness in performance aspect but not effective in financial aspect. Figure 2.2: Average Revenue, costs and subsidy for one passenger per year during 2002 - 2012 c- Socical benefits from public transport Benefits from reduce congestion, saving fuel for society and cutting down environmental pollution. Table 2.2: Performance efficiency of Hanoi’s bus system for society Indicator Unit 2002 2012 Compare 2012/2002 Passenger volume Pax 46 689 760 466 749 361 10.0 Costs 103đ 121 427 433 1 607 186 047 13.2 Subsidy 103đ 57,691,139 1 121 258 965 19.4 Saving fuel 103đ 16 838 198 646 261 165 38.4 Reduce treatment costs for exhausted gas 10 3đ 813 155 8 102 114 10.0 Benefit/ Cost (*) đ/đ 0.15 0.41 2.8 Benefit/ Subsidy (*) đ/đ 0.31 0.58 1.9 (*):Not to mention benefits by reducing traffic congestion and noise pollution due to unquantifiable. 15 Efficiency of bus system in Hanoi can bring out to society is really visible, and the increasing along with the increase in the volume of passengers using the service 2.3.2.2 Passenger attitude Thesis calculated Travel time and Travel costs of passenger using one in 3 type of vehicles: motorbike, private car and bus with several parameters such as: average distance of passenger is 5,5 kilometres and average daily trip factor is 2,5 Table 2.3: Comparing travel time and travel costs between private vehicle and public transport No Type of vehicle Indicator Motor- bike Private car Bus 01 Travel time (mins) 27 30 42 02 Travel price (VND) 11.715 89.720 5.000 03 Total travel costs (VND) 20.643 103.608 18.888 Travel by bus is cheaper than using private vehicle, nevertheless travel time is much longer than private choice. This is the basic reason that bus services are not attractive passengers. * Evaluating service quality by passenger survey: Using adjusted Servqual measuring scale The surveys were carried out at CauGiay and Long Bien interchanges and on the bus. There are 1325 survey sheet achieved and 1200 sheet satisfied to analyze (made up 90,57%) Based on survey and analysis results, service quality of bus system in Hanoi might be appraised at ‘Good’ level, however, the level remained the longer distance to ‘Excellent’ level, and nearly the same with ‘Acceptance’ level. 2.3.3 The imperfections existing negatively influencing to efficiency of bus system in Hanoi * Bus network: Low network density;non-homogeneous network development; non-classified network * Infrastructure: Distance between bus stops is not reasonable, there are few interchange and the connectivity of interchange is ineffective, the proportion of bus lane is too low. 16 * Vehicles:Vehicle degradation, vehicle capacities is not various and limmited, Environmental standards of vehicle is low, buses are not friendly to all passengers. * Management and enforcement: Schedules is not really reasonable, revenue management is not close, management working is mainly by administration officer. * Service quality is only at Acceptance level: Travel time tends to increase, drivers and attendants disagreeably finished tasks,Security and safety on the bus is not guaranteed. * Service for disabled, blind, is not justified to achieve social policies In conclusion, chapter 2 showed the current situation of bus system in several cities in Vietnam, in which concentrated on analysis and evaluation the performance efficiency of bus system in Hanoi. As a result, thesis indicated the weakness which influenced to the bus system performance. This will be meaningful basis to suggest solutions to enhance performance efficiency of system in the future. CHAPTER 3: IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN CITIES 3.1 ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN LARGE CITIES IN VIETNAM 3.1.1 Oriented development of urban transportation 3.1.1.1 Development objectives of urban transportation Ensure the smooth traffic for all demands, Traffic safety, Minimize impacts on the environment, Promoting economic development in urban and adjacent areas. 3.1.1.2 Oriented development of transport modes in urban transit system Prioritize the development of public passenger transport, especially mass rapid transit; Encouragement and protection of non- motorized vehicles such as walking and cycling; Control the development of the motorbike, minimizing the use of private cars; Improved the connectivity between transportation modes; Improved freight transportation by reasonable traffic flow distribution. 17 3.1.2 Oriented development of public transport system Develop public transport system according to principle of “Leading supply”, Classified public transport service to ensure the unity, synchronization and connectivity; Reasonable structure of participants in public transport; Rational subsidized policies; Priority for public transport development and control the private vehicle usage. 3.1.3 Oriented development of public transport system in Hanoi Mass transit (MRT, BRT) play the major role in public transport system. Until 2020, according to Master Plan, there will be 5 metro lines and 6 BRT routes. Bus system : Develop to support the mass transit as in previous. 3.2 BASIS TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM 3.2.1 Characteristics of travel demand and vehicles 3.2.1.1 Characteristics of travel demand High level of passenger capacity created pressure of transport; Stabilized trips; Passenger flow fluctuated in time period; Trips mostly is medium and far distance in cities and urban areas. 3.2.1.2 Characteristics of vehicles and traffic situation Boosted private vehicles and Limitted in road network causes congestion. 3.2.2 Problems need to developed to operate the public transport system Problems need to developed: Trip range; Major vehicles; Vehicles for one trip; Trip purpose. Content of public transport system management and operation: Establish a multimodal public transport system; Restructure bus system; Provide the service at highest level; Ensure the quality and reliability 3.2.3 BASIS TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF BUS SYSTEM 16 Impacts Solutions Pu bl ic tr an sp or t Pe rf or m an ce PT Subsidy Preferential policies for suppliers Reduce investment for infrastructure Total social benefits Investment for infrastructure Starting capital Operation cost Labour Revenue Returns Other benefits Ticket price Time used Energy Consumption Travel time Service quality Travel costs Reduce travel time and costs Reduce operatio -n costs Restructure public transport network Optimize bus stops allocation Plan and design interchanges Enforcement Optimize operation and management Traffic management High quality vehicle Control private vehicles Imrprove standards of environment Increase passeng -er volume Reduce conges -tion and polluti- on Basis to improve efficiency Increase outputs by remain inputs or increase inputs with lower rate Increase outputs by decrease inputs Remain outputs by decrease inputs Inputs Outputs Environmental benefits Passenger efficiency Operator efficiency State efficiency Figure 3.1: Model to improve efficiency of public transport system 17 3.3 SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE PEFORMANCE EFFICIENCY OF BUS SYSTEM 3.3.1. Solutions of infrastructure 3.3.1.1Bus network a- Determine structure bus network:IncludesAxial route(2000- 4000pax/hour/direction; Main route(1000-2000 pax/hour/direction; Brach route(350-1000 pax/hour/direction);Feeder route(<350 pax/hour/direction). b- Restructure bus network * Period until 2015: Consolidating route network in the form of combining. Optimizing interchange utilization; Limiting route opened in centre area to Ring road 3; Redirecting routes; Establishing more feeder bus using minibus for passenger easily in accessibility; Establishing several subsidized routes for pupil picking. * Period of 2016-2020:Delete duplicated of routes; Restructure bus network integrated to metro/BRT station; Plan provision route for MRT; Establish more routes in suburban from RR 4 3.3.1.2 Bus stops Figure 3.2 : Process of determining bus stop allocations Determine average distance between bus stop Test the Trip generation locations Minimum travel time Target of determine bus stops Minimum walking time to access bus route Ensure safety and reduce congestion Determined bus stops near junctions Allocated bus stops Determined the number of bus stops Locating bus stops satisfied conventional targets Minimizing travel costs and operation costs 18 Thesis introduced the method to determine bus stop allocation ensuring the walking distance is minimum. Figure 3.3: Determine bus stop allocation Bus stops will be relocated to minimizing the total walking distance of all passenger in serving area: MinbaqL ij n j m i ii    )( 1 1 3.3.1.3 Interchange Interchange level 1:is the intersection of axial routes and main routes, is the transferring centre of bus network. Interchange level 1 is placed at the junction of axial routes and ring road of cities. Structure of interchange is based on available space. Interchange level 2:is the intersection of branch routes and main routes, is the transferring node of branch routes, connecting main routes or branch routesnetwork. 3.3.1.4 Improve the accessibility to bus networkt: Facilitating for all passenger including disabled; Providing information for passenger at termini, interchanges and bus stops. 3.3.2. Solutions of management and operations 3.3.2.1 Established reasonable performance parameters lo/2 lo/2A ai bi : Bus stops : Trip Generation Location bi ai O C B lo/2 19 Objective function: The different objects will have different Objective functions Passenger’s objectives:Minimum travel time, Minimum travel costs. Operators’ objectives:Minimum vehicle time, Minimum operating costs, Maximum revenue, Maximum returns. Government’s objectives:Maximum passenger using public transport, Minimum subsidy. Describe Objective function: Chk =f (xi) = f (I, VT, t0, l0, qtk, ɣ, ɳ , Gv,) Min Cvh = f (xi) = f (I, VT, t0, l0, qtk, ɣ, ɳ, )  Min a- Establish model of multi optimization to improve performance efficiency. * Model of total operating costs of a route f1 = Cvh = o oT oTđcoTotot c lVq lVTtVlLlLP    ))((2 Min * Model of total travel converted costs f2=Chk= Vggtg T t g TK g db g t db GPctPc l tLPc V LPcqcPlVcPV ..... .2 .. 2 .. 3 .2 0 0 00       Min b- Apply multi optimization problem to find out the optimized performance parameters Based on two models, when the parameters of qtk ,  , lo increase, the total operating costs will decrease, in contrast, the total travel costs of passenger will increase, therefore there is an contrary between 2 objective functions. Moreover, the fluctuation of other parameter such VTcreated the different changes between 2 objective functions. Consequently, the exploration of parameters to minimize total operation costs will maximize the total travel costs of passenger and vice versa. We might concluded that they are 2 antithetical targets. The exploration of solution is the Edgeworth Pareto multi optimization Thesis applied the model on calculating performance parameter on Bus route No.32. Table 3.1 : The preset performance parameters of Bus route No.32 The preset performance parameters Symbol P Lt  to Tđc Vđb Gv Cg  t Unit HK/h Km h h Km/h đ đ Km/Km2 Amount 2460 19,1 2,7 0,0084 0,167 4 5000 24000 4,21 20 With constrains:0<Ƴ ≤ 1 ; 60 < ≤ 120 ; 0 < VT ≤ 50 ; 0,2≤ lo ≤0,8 Figure 3.4: Pareto optimizing Solution interval on Bus route No 32. c- Determine performance indicators on route From optimized solutions, thesis adjusted these solutions to accommondate available vehicle capacity. As a result, thesis choose 3 types of capacity such as 80 seats, 90 seats, 120 seats (double-deck ). The detaild calculation is as in the following table Table 3.2: Performance indicators of Bus route No.32 No Average distance between 2 bus stops (lo -m) Boarding time (sec) Vehicle capacity (qTK) Headway (min) Techinical speed (Km/h) Working vehicles(v eh) 1 500 30 80 4 30 34 2 510 30 90 5 30 27 3 610 45 120 8 30 18 3.3.2.2 Management and enforcement of public transport Establish database of public transport system. Apply Intelligent Bus Operations System. 3.3.3. Solutions of vehicle: Results are 90 solutions optimizing for the preset performance parameters. Thesis used 9 best-fitting choices from 90 solutions to define performance indicators on Bus route No.32 21 3.3.3.1 Choosing Vehicle capacity: Axial route will use ultra high capacity vehicle; Main route will use high capacity vehicle; Branch route will use medium or small capacity vehicle; Feeder route will use mini vehicle 3.3.3.2 Apply environmental standards for vehicles:environmental standards for bus vehicles contribute to improve urban environment; Bus vehicles invested until 2015 must achieve EURO III standards; Bus vehicles invested during 2015-2020 must achieve EURO IV standards. Choose vehicles based on calculated and balanced operating costs and evironmental treatment costs. Operating costs:    n i iKT CC 1 (VND/year). Evironmental treatment costs :   ixliXLNMT cQC (VND/year). Thesis choose specific vehicles for 3 featured routes of Hanoi as Bus route Type 1 (Route No.32); Bus route Type II (Route No.24); Bus route Type 3 (Route No.13); Based on calculated results, thesis suggested vehicles for vehicle changing and purchasing options as following - Bus route Type 1: Using hybrid bus and EURO III diesel bus - Bus route Type 2: EURO III diesel bus - Bus route Type 3: EURO III diesel bus - Feeder route: electrical vehicle to reduce pollution. 3.3.3.3 Improve the accessibility to vehicles: Ensure the accessibility to vehicles of passengers, arrange reasonable doors, number of step is not over 3 steps, using low decker bus or normal with ramp or lift for easily boarding/alighting of disables. Information on vehicles: Name of route, Route number, itinerary, signs for disabled, information display to help passenger to know the current location and to alight accurately. 3.3.4 Solutions of litmiting private vehicles 3.3.4.1 Economical solutions Road tolls, maintenance fees; Travel demand management; Peak- hour fee of ares which do not promote to access; Parking fee. 3.3.4.2 Administrative solutions 22 Limited registering for vehicle, Prohibit from registering vehicles for a certain cycle and for particular people; Forbid driving car according to areas or time periods. 3.3.4.3 Promotion and Education of Controlling private vehicles Promotion and Education the usage of private vehicle, increase the public transport users, decrease traffic density. 3.4. EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOLUTIONS 3.4.1. Economical effectiveness: Reduce the investment for private vehicle, saving energy for transport, saving operating costs, improve efficiency of operators, reduce travel costs for society. 3.4.2. Social effectiveness: Deal with congestion in city centres and on the corridor to satellite cities and on the main junction; Improve safety; Ensuring the equality of all passenger to access public transport system. 3.4.3 Environmental effectiveness: Minimizing environmental pollution, protect people’s health, reduce social costs, improve labour productivity. Saving environmental treatment costs, reduce noise pollution, rehabilitate ecological environment in urban areas. To conclude, based on the rationale in chapter 1, conclusion achieved from status quo analysis in chapter 2, and the oriented development of public transport system in chapter 3, thesis suggested several solutions to improve the performance efficiency of bus system, in particular situation of Hanoi until 2020. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONS: The main results of thesis is the following: (1) Systematize and enrich the theoretical basis for public transport related issues and the performance efficiency of public transport system in urban areas. The new ideas are: - Affirming that developing public transport system is the main factor ensuring the sustainable development in urban areas. Mass transit must become the backbone, ensuring the connectivity to other public transport modes to establish an united public transport system. 23 - Amended and detailed the indicators to assess the efficiency of public transportbased on 3 aspects: government’s view, operator’s view, passenger’s view. - Based on the development of public transport system in several cities in global, summarized the experience to improve the performance efficiency of public transport system, especially bus system. (2) Analyze and assess current situation and efficiency of public transport system Hanoi. The detailed results are: - Summarized the achievements and existing problem in Hanoi bus system. - Using several indicators which appraised the performance efficiency of bus system based on government and passenger attitudes - Carried out the passenger survey about bus service quality. Using adjusted Servqual measuring scale to evaluate bus service quality based on passenger attitudes. (3) Based on rationale and practical, suggested several solutions to improve the performance efficiency of bus system in cities. The new results are: - Argued for the needs and basis to improve the performance efficiency of public transport system. - Suggested the structure of network to ensure performance efficiency, presented the process to determine bus stop location based on optimizing the passenger’s accessibility. - Using multi optimization method to find out optimized performance parameters which might be the basis to plan the effective transportation operation options achieved objectives. - Suggest several solutions to improve the bus service quality, to solve the important actual passenger’s issues, such as reliable, safety and accessibility for all passengers including disabled. This will become one of the most necessary factors to attract more passenger and improve efficiency of whole system. RECOMMENDATION: Suggested to Government, Urban Area Authorities, State Owned Agency: To Government:Affirming that policies of developing public transport system is the foundation of urban and urban transport 24 planning. Concentrated resources to develop public transport system is a priority program of Government in 10-20 continuous years. To Ministry of Transport: Coordinated to other related Ministries in issuing regulates, standards in public transport development, especially in mass transit. Established the policies to control private vehicles by special consuming tax, infrastructure using fee, for Government’s approval. Promote to use public transport and non- motorized vehicles. To Ministry of Education and Training: To assume the prime responsibility and coordinate with the ministries concerned to strengthen the propaganda and education of public transport to society, trying to change people’s perspective to public transport. To Urban Area Authorities: To keep on the policy of “Leading supply” with mass transit, Calculated supplied capacity and infrastructure serving public transport and pedestrians in construction and improved infrastructure projects. Prioritized ‘Green’ public transport , established policies and recommended to Government the particular priorities to public transport development and environment-friendly programs and project; calculated congestion fee, limited private cars; constructed access network and infrastructure for disabled; regulated the certain the ratio of disabled serving vehicles in several routes. LIST OF AUTHOR’S RESEARCHES PUBLISHED 1- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai, Dr. Tu Sy Sua (2002). Textbook: Insurance in Transportation. Transport Publisher: Hanoi 2- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai, MSc. Tran ThiLanHuong (2006) : Textbook: Automobile Transport Operation and Management. Transport Publisher: Hanoi 3- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai (2007). Suggest the method to determine area for static transportation off public transport system in urban area. Secretary of Ministry’s project, code: B2007 - 04 - 44. 4- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai, MSc. Tran ThiLanHuong (2008): Textbook: Foundation of Automobile Transport Operation. Transport Publisher: Hanoi 25 5- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai (2008). Research on solutions to improve the competitive of international automobile transportation. Member of Ministry’s project, code: B2008-04- 73 6- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai (2009). Urban transportation and the efficiency of public transport in urban area. Director of University’s project, code: T2009 - VTKT – 33. University of Transport and Communications. 7-MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai (2010). Evaluatingbenefitsachievedfrom public transport system. Journal of Transport Science, Vol 32, in November 2010. Transport Publisher: Hanoi 8- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai (2011). Combining the performance of bus system in urban areas. Director of University’s project, code: T2010 - VTKT - 23. University of Transport and Communications. 9- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai (2010). Several solutions to improve the efficiency in utilization of infrastructure serving public transport until 2020. Secretary of Ministry’s project, code: B2010 - 04 - 124. 10- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai (2011). Research case study of public transport development in severalcities in global. Director of University’s project, code: NCS2011-VTKT-17. University of Transport and Communications. 11- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai (2013). Research on connectivity of bus system at the interchange. Journal of Transport Science, Vol 41, in March 2013. Transport Publisher: Hanoi 12- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai (2013). Research case study of public transport development in severalcities in global. Journal of Transport Science, Vol 42, in June 2013. Transport Publisher: Hanoi 13- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai, MSc Luong Tuan Anh (2013). The indicatorsassessing the efficiency of public transport system in urban area. Journal of Transport Science, Vol 42, in June 2013. Transport Publisher: Hanoi 14- MSc Nguyen Thi Hong Mai, MSc Le Xuan Truong (2013). Research on the basis to determine the bus stop location in urban areas. Journal of Transport Science, Vol 44, in December 2013. Transport Publisher: Hanoi